| Question |
Answer |
| Speech |
How we use our lips, tongue, and teeth to make the sounds of our language |
| Idiolect |
each unique, individual way of speaking |
| Language |
the communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals such as sounds, gestures or written symbols |
| Linguistics |
Study of language |
| Regional dialect |
different usage patterns within a language determined by location |
| Class dialect |
different usage patterns within a language determined by status |
| Morpheme |
the smallest meaningful unit of language |
| Morphology |
the study of morphemes |
| Phoneme |
smallest unit of language that helps for larger units |
| allophone |
variant of a phoneme- sounds different when combined |
| minimal pairs |
morphemes that differ by one sound and have different meanings (tall, call; wing, sing) |
| phonetics |
study of how speech sounds are produced and their acoustic properties |
| dimensions of consonants |
place, manner, voice |
| Bilabial (P) |
2 lips: b, p, m, w |
| Labiotental (P) |
lips and teeth: f, v |
| Linguadental (P) |
tongue and teeth: th |
| Alveolar (P) |
tongue to aveolar ridge: d, t, z, s, n, l |
| Palatal (P) |
tongue and any palate: 'zjuh', sh, j/g, ch, r |
| Velar (P) |
back of tongue to back of palate: g, k, ng, j |
| Glottal (P) |
made by glottis: h |
| Stop (M) |
2 articularors contact each other and momentarily block the flow of air: p, b, d, t, g, k |
| Fricative (M) |
2 articulators close but do not touch- air forced through: f,s, th, v, sh, z, s, h |
| Afficative (M) |
comination of stop and fricative: ch, 'zjuh' |
| Nasal (M) |
block oral cavity and force air through the nose: m, n, ng |
| Glide (M) |
smoothly shifting tongue from one position to another: w, j |
| Liquid (M) |
tongue forms a loose blockage in the oral cavity: r, l |
| International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) |
universal- written sounds of speech for any language |
| Dimensions of vowels |
tongue height, tongue advancement, tenseness, lip rounding |
| tenseness |
muscle activity in the tongue |
| Components of the laryngeal system |
trachea, larynx, vocal folds |
| Trachea |
connents the lungs to the larynx |
| Vocal folds |
pair of muscle and tissue within the larynx that vibrate to produce voice |
| Abducted |
vocal folds are open |
| Adducted |
Vocal folds are closed |
| 3 major air cavities of the supralaryngeal system |
oral, nasal, pharyngeal |
| Articulation |
way of modifying airstream/joining together of articulators to produce phonemes |
| Velum |
part of palate that blocks the nasal cavity; the soft palate- determines direction sound will flow |
| Jaw |
mandible; contributes to movememts of tongue and lips |
| Tongue tip |
apex, front |
| Tongue body |
majority of the tongue |
| Tongue dorsum |
back of tongue |
| Tongue blade |
behind tip |
| Tongues roof |
Fron wall of pharyngeal cavity |
| Coarticulation |
production of a sound is influenced by the sounds around it |
| Coarticulation- forward |
anticipatory- show, and |
| Coarticulation- backward |
retentive- me |
| Structures of the Central Nervous System |
Spinal Cord and Brain |
| Brain |
housed and protected by the skin, controls behavior, covered by the cortex |
| bumps on the brain |
gyrus/gyri |
| grooves of the brain |
sulcus/sulci/fissures |
| Left hemisphere |
speech, language, hearing, analytical |
| Right hemisphere |
interpret, appreciate art, express emotion, understand spatial relations, see whole picture |
| Frontal lobe |
most anterior, boundaries are central sulcus and lateral sulcus |
| Frontal lobe responsible for |
motor functions and executive functions |
| Broca's area |
in frontal lobe, involved in speech production, activates speaking muscles and phonation |
| Parietal lobe |
central fissure to occipital lobe |
| Parietal lobe responsible for: |
tactile processing and integration |
| Temporal lobe |
lies under lateral fissure, extending forward from the occipital lobe to the temporal pole |
| temporal lobe houses |
heschel's gyrus and wernicke's area |
| heschel's gyrus and wernicke's area |
located in temporal lobe, invovled in speech perception |
| occipital lobe |
positioned at the back of the brain |
| occipital lobe related to |
visual perception |
| insual |
area of cortex not visible on surface- deep in lateral sulcus |
| cranial nerves part of |
peripheral nervious system |
| cranial nerves origionate on |
brain stem |
| 1. Olfactory type |
sensory |
| 1. Olfactory function |
relay impulese of smell to brain |
| 2. Optic nerve type |
sensory |
| 2. Optic nerve function |
relay information from eyes to occipital lobe |
| 3. Occulomotor type |
mixed |
| 3. Occulomotor function |
move muscles of eyes for fixation or tracking |
| 4. Trochlear type |
mixed |
| 4. Trochlear function |
sensory information to brain, from brain to eyes, controls movement of eyes up and down |
| 5. Trigeminal type |
mixed |
| 5. Trigeminal function |
sensory from face to brain, muscles of mastication, tense palate, open eustasian tube, largest of nerves |
| 6. Abducens type |
mixed |
| 6. Abducens function |
move eye laterally |
| 7. Facial type |
mixed |
| 7. Facial function |
muscles of facial expression, produces tears and saliva, taste sensation to brain |
| 8. Vestibulo type |
sensory |
| 8. Vestibulo function |
relay information about timing and intesity of sound location |
| 9. Glossopharyngeal type |
mixed |
| 9. Glossopharyngeal function |
relay taste, move pharynx |
| 10. Vegas type |
mixed |
| 10. Vegas function |
relay taste and touch sensation, move tongue, pharynx, soft palate, esophogus |
| 11. Spinal Accessory type |
motor |
| 11. Spinal Accessory function |
energy to pharynx, larynx, and palate, shrug and tilt head |
| 12. Hypoglossal type |
motor |
| 12. Hypoglossal function |
chew, swallow speech, sucking |
Biology Lab Midterm
