| Question |
Answer |
| Which of the four elements in proteins Differentiates this class of substances from carbs and lipids? |
Nitrogen |
| Which of the proteins is soluble in water? |
Albumin |
| How many amino acids joined together to form a chainlike structure? |
peptide bonding |
| Proteins may become denatured when subjected to mechanical agitation, heat, or chemical treatment. What does denaturation of protiens refer to? |
Alteration of tertiary structure |
| Which aminoacidopathy is NOT caused by an enzyme deficiency? |
cystinuria |
| How many immunoglobulin classes are currently recognized? |
five |
| Which reagent is employed in th eserum protein determination? |
Biuret |
| Why should hemolyzed serum not be used for total protein analysis? |
Hemolglobin is absored at the wavelength as protein in the reagent |
| Why is bromcresol purple the prferred indicator for albumin dye binding techniques? |
there is less interference form pigment(s). |
| What is the most anodic protein on electrophoresis at pH 8.6 |
Albumin |
| If an electrophoretic pattern shows 30%albumin, 4-10% alpha-globulin, and 45% gamma-globulin,then what condition may exist in the patient? |
Monoclonal gammopathy |
| Glycoportiens and mucoprotiens are usually bound to which substances? |
Carbohydrates |
| All of the following are glycoproteins EXCEPT which one? ceruloplasmin, FSH, fibrinogen or cryoglobulin. |
cryoglobulin |
| Which one of the following applies to cryoglobulins? a)they are temperature sensitiveb)the specimen should clot at room temp.c)the specimen is incubated at 22degrees C for 24hrs.d) only quanititative tests are available |
a)they are temperature sensitive proteins |
| Decreased alpha-fetoprotein values are associated with which condition? |
down syndrome |
| Which of the following proteins transports iron? ceruloplasmin, hemopexin transferrin or haptoglobin |
transferrin |
| In acute renal failure, which nonprotein nitrogen rises the fastest? |
Blood Urea Nitrogen(bun) |
| By the urease method, urea is enzymatically converted to which end product? |
ammonia |
| Why can untreated urine be usded for the determination of urea by the diacetyl monoxime method? |
the method is not measuring ammonia |
| An elevated creatinine value is most likely to be accompanied by what values? |
elevated blood urea nitrogen, 10x creatinine value |
| What is the classical method for creatinine reaction? |
Jaffe |
| The measurement of creatinine is based on the fomation of a yellow-red color and which reagent? |
alkaline picrate |
| The creatinine clearance test is based on whcih assumption? |
creatinine passes into the ultrafiltrate |
| What is the most common clearance test used to measure the glomerular filtration rate? |
creatinine |
| Which disease state is associated with an elevation of serum uric acid? |
gout |
| Which reagent is employed in the alkaline oxidation of uric acid? |
phosphotungstic acid |
| What does the uricase method for uric acid depend on? |
ultraviolet absorption at 290nm before/after treatment with uricase |
| Which one of the analytes is ued as a prognostic indicator for liver failure? |
ammonia |
| Which disaccharide is composed of two glucose molecules? |
maltose |
| What term is used to describe the process of glycogen degradation? |
glycogenolysis |
| What is the renal threshold for glucose? |
140-160 mg/dL |
| Which hormone is produced by the beta cells o fth islets of Langerhans? |
insulin |
| Which one o fthe following hormones is considered a glucocorticoid? |
cortisol |
| Which one of the following disease is associated with hypoglycemia? Von Gierke's disease, Hashimoto's disease,Cushing's disease or Gilbert disease |
Von Gierke's disease |
| What is the specimen of choice for glucose dterminations? |
fluorinated plasma |
| What is the most frequently employed automated method for glucose? |
coupled enzyme system consisting of glucose oxidcase and peroxidase |
| Contamination of the glucose reagent with catalase is a problem with which glucose method? |
glucose oxidase |
| What is the hexokinase methodolgy for glucose dtermination based on? |
reduced coenzyme read at 340nm |
| What is the normal fasting blood lucose reference range for adults? |
70-120 mg/dL |
| What does the presence of urinary ketones MOST likely indidcate? |
The body is using cabohydrates as the primarty energy source. |
| Which one of the following tests is used to differentiate between inappropritate exogenous insulin administration and endogendous insulin production? |
C-peptide |
| The "port wine" color of some urine can be attributed to which of the following? |
porphyrins |
| p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is a constituent of which reagent? |
Ehrlich |
| Both pophobilinogen and urobilinogen from a red colored compound with Ehrlich's reagent. How can they be differentiated? |
urobilinogen is soluble in chloroform |
| Prehepatic bilirubin has whcih of the following for a protien carrier? |
albumin |
| Direct-reacting bilirubin is alo known as what substance? |
bilirubin diglucuronide |
| An increase in indirect-reacting bilirubin is suggestive of which condition? |
hemoglobin breakdown |
| Bilirubin is converted in the intestine to which of the following substances? |
urobilinogen |
| Which of the following will interfere with the Evelyn Malloy method for bilirubin? hemolysis,mehtanol, caffeine or lipemia |
hemolysis |
| Which one o fthe following definitions best descrbes an enzyme? |
Biological catalyst |
| Which of the following is true of an isoenzyme? |
The electrophoretic property is differnt for each isoenzyme |
| Why is a metal ion somtimes necessary in an enzymatic reaction? |
acts as an activator of the enzyme |
| The Michaelis-Menten constant in the rate of conversion of substrate to product is determined by what factor? |
substrate concentrationand the rate of dissociation of the complex |
| In a zero-order reaction, there will be no further increase in velocity due to which one of the following? |
all enzyme is bound to substrate |
| What is the reporting unit of measure for enzymes? |
IU/L |
| Which enzyme catalyzes this reation? lactate + NAD -> pyruvate + NADH |
lactate dehydrogenase |
| Which of the following is true of the isoenzyme LD1? It is heat-labile, slowest migrating, most positivly charged isoenzyme or is present in the highest concentration in heart tissue. |
It is present in the highest concentration in heart tissue |
| Which enzyme is most greatly affected by hemolysis? |
lactate dehydrogenase |
| An LD isoenzyme elecgtrophoretic pattern that shows an increase in LD1, LD2 and LD3 is seen in which disease state? |
pernicious anemia |
| Creatine kinase is clinically significant is disease of which organ? |
muscle |
| Creatine kinase is frequenly elevated in acute myocardial infarction and which other disorder? |
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy |
| Which serum enzyme begins to rise 2-4 hours , has peak activity occurring 12-36 hrs and returns to normal 2-4 days after an acute myocardial infarction? |
creatine kinase |
| Aspartate transaminase is elevated in all of the following conditions EXCEPT which one? myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, acute pancreatitis or liver disease. |
acute pancreatitis |
| Which enzyme is liver specific? aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase or lacate dehydrogenase |
alanine transaminase |
| Which enzyme is the most sensitive indicator of obstructive jaundice? |
alkaline phosphatase |
| A high alkaline phosphatase level in the presence of other negative liver funcgtion test is indicative of which disorder? bone disorder, viral hepatitis, prostate cancer or ectopic pregnancy |
bone disorder |
| What is the optimum pH for acid phosphatase? |
5.0 |
| What is the clinical significance of an elevaed acid phosphatase? |
prostatic disease |
| Which enzyme may be monitored in recovering alcoholics? |
gamma-glutamyl transferase |
| Which enzyme is characteristically elevated in mumps? |
amylase |
| Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of which substrate? |
triglycerides |
| What is the substrate for the Chery-Crandall lipase method? |
olive oil |
| In which disease state are the highest levels of aldolase seen? |
muscular dystrophy |
| Because ionized calcium can be changed wigthout affecting the total calcium level, what other parameter(s) must beknown to properly evaluagte calcium? |
pH and protein |
| All of the following regulate calcium levels EXCEPT which one? Vit. D, calcitonin, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone |
aldosterone |
| Which of the following specimens is acceptalbe for the determination of total calcium? EDTA, Fluorinated plasma, oxalated plasma or heparinized plasma. |
heparinized plasma |
| In the complexometric titration (EDTA) method for calcium, the pH must be adjusted to prevent what occurrence? |
interference by MAGNESIUM |
| The classic Clarke-Collip method for calcium is based on which assumption? |
Calcium will be precipitated as an oxalate |
| What is the purpose of lanthanum in the atomic absorption deterination of calcium? |
It will bind phosphate |
| At a pH of 7.4 most of the phosphorus in the body is in which form? |
bone |
| Inorganic phosphate can be determined from a colorimetric method involving which reagent? |
Molybdate |
| What is the most abundant iron-containing compound in the body? |
ferritin |
| Why should serum iron be drawn at the same time on consecutive days? |
to avoid diurnal variation |
| Which protein trasports the majority of copper in the bloodstream? |
ceruloplasmin |
| Increased serum copper is seen in which disease? |
Wilson's disease |
| Which analyte is an early indicator of tissue hypoxia? |
lactic acid |
| What is the major extracellular cation? |
sodium |
| Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase sodium reabsorption? |
aldosterone |
| What is the most common method for measuring sodium? |
ion-selective electrode |
| Which is one of the following is the major intracellular cation? |
potassium |
| Valinomycin can enhance the selecgtivily of which ISE electrode? |
potassium |
| All of the following can cause low choloride levels EXCEPT which one? diabetic acidosis,renal failure, prolonged vomiting and dehydration |
dehydration |
| Sweat is an appropieate type of specimen for which electrolyte? |
chloride |
| In the coulometric-amperometric method for chloride, how is the amout of chloride measured? |
time needed to reach the titration end point |
| In the classic Schales-Schales mercurimetric titration) method for chloride, what substance reacts with indicator to form a violet color? |
excess Hg++ |
| Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is present in which form? |
bicarbonate ion |
Poultry
