l. Understand perturbation theory and how it relates to vowel production Has to do with the velocity and pressure in the velocity min=nodes, velocity max=antinodes. If we know where they are constrictions in a tube resonator we can know what prediction formant frequency changes that occur in that tube resonator

2. know the vowel quadrilateral

Front vowels (i, I, e, E a as in cat) tongue body is positioned forward in oral cavity. Back vowels ( u as in who, U as in put, aw as in paw, and a as in father. bulk of tongue is positioned thear the soft palate.

high or low vowels related to the height of tongue.

3. Know the two resonating cavities and how they affect F1 and F2 The formant are important in differing one vowel from another acoustically and spectrally. two cavities the oral cavity and pahryngeal cavity which is created by constriction o the vocal tract during vowel poduction.

size of pharyngal cavity dictates the frequency of F1 (height of tongue high to low size of the oral cavity dictates the frequency of F2 ( tongue position front to back

Small pharyngeal cavities= LOW VOWELS tongue root is in the pharynx F1.

Large pharyngeal cavities high vowels tongue root pulled out of pharynx F1.

Small oral cavities front vowel F2 Large oral cavities back vowel F2

3. Know how lip rounding affects the formants?

As the lips round to form low vowel the vocal tract is elongated, lowering F1, F2. The cavities resonate TO lower frequencies because of the length. The shape of the oral cavity changes lower F2 more

4. know why vowel poduction is unique to each speaker?

there is no aboslue fundamental freqeuncy for f1 or f2 for any vowel, just a range or likelihoods,categorical perception. formant frequency and vowel production are unqie to each speaker and influenced by coarticulation during connected speech rate of speech and each individual speakers anatomy. also we are examining vowels here a vowel vacumn psotring vowels in prolonged isolation whcihc does not occured in connected speech.

5.what are the muscles involed in voerl prpdocution,?

extrinsic musces determine the gross bodypositionin in isolated vowel production,

Hyoglossus depresses the tongue as in production of /a/ father Genioglossus. elveates the tongue and brings it forward as in prodcuton of /I/ Styloglossus rasies the dorsum of the tongue and brings it forward as in production of /u/ Anterior belly of digastric muscles lowers the jaw for /a/

6. know artiulatory position cavity size and acoustic characteristics and muscle involvemnt of the point vowels.

Example /I/ genioglosuss high frotn vowel (articulatroy position) size cavity- large pahryngeal small oral acoustic characteristics-low F1, hi F2

/a/ hyoglosuss low back vowel- articulatory position size cavity- small phryngeal large oral caity acoustic characteristics high F1 low F2.

/u/ styloglossus high bach vowel-articulatory position size cavity large pahryngeal large oral acoustic chara-low f1 high f2

7. know which vowels are tense and which are lax?

long vowels are tense vowels like see say so sue saw sigh (sow cow) soy. diphongs. occur in vowel ending sounds. short vowels are lax vowels sit set sat soot concosnant final syllables8.

8. know what causes changes in vowel durtion and why rate of speech affects acoustic characteristics of vowels.

all vowels longer in isolation. Vowels preceeding a voiced consonant increases in duration, Heed/head head is shorter compared t heed but longer compared to heat. Stress vowels increases theri duration.