| Question |
Answer |
| What RNA retrovirus causes AIDS? |
HIV |
| What is the specific enzyme that antit-HIV drugs target? |
Reverse Transcriptase (RT) |
| What specific enzyme inhibits the formation of viral DNA from RNA? |
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RT) |
| How does RT inhibit the for formation of viral DNA from RNA? |
Mutation of the RT enzyme is very rapid. Use at least 2 RT inhibitors simultaneously slows the emergence of resistant virus |
| What are the names of some useful Nucleoside Retro Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)? |
Zidovuldin, Lamivudine, Zalcitabine, Stavudine, Didanosine, Abacavir, Emtiricitabine. |
| What are the names of some useful Nonnucleoside Retro Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)? |
Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz. |
| What are the names of some useful Nucleotide Retro Transcriptase Inhibitor (RTI)? |
Tenofovir |
| What RTI is given to healthcare providers, after they are accidentaly stuck with a needle? |
Combivir (Zidovudine+Lamivudine) |
| What is the responsibility of the HIV protease enzyme? |
Maturation of the newyl forming viral particles. |
| What effect does the protease inhibitor have on the HIV protease? |
Interfere with the processing of viral protein, preventing formation of new viral particles. |
| What is the name of the useful protease inhibitors? |
Amprenavir, Indinavire, Nelfinavir. |
| What is required for HIV enter the cells? |
HIV must bind to CD4 lymphocyted recpetors. |
| What is the name of the fusion inhibitor that blocks the binding of HIV to CD4? |
Enfuvirtide |
| What is the most effective Tx for HIV? |
Tripel therapy (combine 2 RT inhibitors & 1 protease inhibitor) |
| What drug inhibits virus penetration or uncoating. it is also used to Tx & prevent influenzea type A infections? |
Amantadine |
| This drug is good for Tx, prevention of influenza, inhibit virus penetration, & also parkinsons? |
Rimantadine |
| What drug is used to block the release of influenze virus form infected cells, prevention & Tx of both influenza A & B infections? |
Neuraminidase inhibitors (Zanamivir, Oseltamivir) |
| What drug is used topically, IV, & orally for the Tx of patients with herpes infections? |
Acyclovir |
| What are the two types of herpes? |
Type1= Oral, Type2=Genital |
| This drug is only for cytomegalovirus infections? |
Gancyclovire |
| Drugs for respiratory syncytial viral infections (RSV)? |
Ribavirin, Palivizumab |
| Drug is Used for the Tx of RSV in infants & young children, not in adults? |
Ribavirin |
| This drug is a humanized monoclonal antibody given as an injection at the start of RSV season in high risk children to provide passive immunity. |
Palivizumab |
| Drugs for hepatic viral infections? |
Interferon, lamivudine, aedefovir, & entecavir. |
| Which drugs are for chronic Hepatitis B/C? |
Interferon & lamivudine |
| What are the names of the cell cycles? |
M-Phase, G1-Phase,G0-Phase, G2-Phase,S-Phase |
| What happens during the M Phase? |
Period of cell division mitosis. |
| What happens during the G-1 Phase? |
Cell growth RNA synthesis & protein synthesis. |
| What happens during the G-0 Phase? |
Resting or dormant stage. No cell division, but cell is able to undergo mitosis.**This phase is most resistant to chemotherapeutics agents. |
| What happens during the S Phase? |
DNA syntesis & cells that are in G-2 phase show the syntehsis of specialized proteins in preparation for cell replication. |
| Anticancer therapy is aimed at? |
Killing dividing Cells. |
| How do anticancer drugs operate? |
Kill a fraction of cells instead of an absolute number. |
| Do cancer cells mutate? |
Yes, they contain a mutation that allows unrestricted growth, & they can also mutate in a way that make them resistant to anticancer drug. |
| What alkylating drug is good for Testicular cancer? |
Cisplatin |
| What is the name of the most commonly used alkylating agent? |
Cyclophosphamide |
| What are antimetabolites? |
They compete for binding sites on enzymes or can be incorporated into DNA or RNA. |
| what is the most commonly used anticancer drug? |
Methotrexate |
| What is drug is used to Tx psoriasis, rheulmatoid arthritis, & vatiety of cancers? |
Methotrexate |
| What drug prevents Methotrexate from inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase 7 reverses allof its adverse effects excet neurotoxicitiy? |
Leucovorin |
| Which antibiotic has a severe toxicity to heart? |
Anthracyclines |
| Which antibiotic drug causes arrythmia? |
Daunorubicin |
| Which antibiotic drug causes cardiotixcity, allopeica, bone marrow, & depression? |
Doxorubicin |
| Which antibiotic drug protects cardiac muscle from anthracycline-induced- toxicity? |
Dexrazoxane |
| Which antibiotic drug can cause fatal pulmonary fibrosis & extreme caution must be |
Bleomycin |
| Which particular antibiotic drug Tx life-threatening hyperclacemia associated with malignancy |
Plicamycin |
| What is the Vinca alkaloid that has bone marrow toxicity? |
vincristine |
| What is the Vinca alkaloid that has neurological toxicity |
vinblastine |
| What kind of tumors does the hormonal agents Tx ? |
breast, prostate, & uterus |
| What is the goal of the hormonal agent? |
reduce hormone level that stimulate growth of tumor & block hormone receptor |
| What is the difference between aromatase reaction and aromataste inhibitor? |
The first increase synthesis of estrogen the latter decrease estrogen production (used in Tx of estrogen dependent breast cancer resistant tamoxifen.) |
| Names of aromatase inhibitors? |
Anastrozole, Formestane,Letrozole |
| What is the first line agent in the Tx of estrogen receptor positive for breast cancer? |
Tamoxifen |
| Names of aromatase inhibitors? |
Anastrozole, Formestane,Letrozole |
| What kind of tumors does the hormonal agents Tx ? |
breast, prostate, & uterus |
| GnRH Analog |
Inhibit the release of FSH/LH thus reduce synthesis of androgen & estrogen |
| Drug used for mestastic prostatic cancer? |
Leuprolide |
| What vaccine Tx UB carcinoma & IV use;It is non-specific stimulant of reticuloendothelial system? |
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Causes inflammation) |
| NSAIDs |
Inhibit Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX1) & decrease prostaglandin synthesis. |
| What kind of risk are seen with longterm use of COX2? |
Increase risk of mycardial infarctions & strokes. |
| Indomethacin |
non-specific, Use gout & patent drutus afteriosus (PDA) |
| COX-2 Inhibitors |
specific, less side effects on GI |
| Rofecoxib |
Off market caused strokes |
| Acetaminophen |
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS. mostly fevers, weak anti-inflammatory |
| Gold Salts |
Good for anti-inflammatory |
| Infliximab |
Ulcerative colitis(Contr Indi. in TB it makes latent TB active) |
| Gout |
Uric acid leads to inflammation |
| Allopurinal |
Decrease production of Uric Acid |
| Colchine |
Acute attack of gout |
| Probenecid |
Low uric acid elimination |
| Cyclosporine |
Prevent & Tx transplanted organ rejection because it is a specific T cell inhibitor. |
| Cyclosporine side effect |
nephro/neuro-toxicity, thromboembolism, & seizure |
| Azathioprine |
Used in conjunction with cyclosporine to reduce the toxicity |
| Levamisole |
Tx colon cancer |
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