| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| cefuroxamine, what is it and what is it used for? |
second-generation cephalosporin, which can be used to treat lower respiratory infections and urinary tract infections, as well as otitis media and gonorrhea. |
| how does cefuroxamine work? |
It inhibits cell wall synthesis of bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, which are transmembrane proteins that produce cross-linkages in peptidoglycan layer. |
| How do aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) work? |
They irreversibly bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis |
| How do Lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin) work? |
They irreversibly bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Not that macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) reversibly bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome. |
| How do sulfonamides work? |
They competitively inhibit Para-aminobenzoic acid (PBA) and so inhibiting folic acid biosynthesis required for bacterial growth |
| S. aureus can evade host immune response by? |
1. Protien A: binds Fc region of Ig 2. IgA protease: enzyme cleaves IgA. 3. Polysaccharide capsules also inhibit phagocytosis |
| MeninGococci ferment? |
Maltose and Glucose |
| Gonococci ferment? |
Glucose |
| silver stain |
fungi, Legionella |
| India ink |
Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Ziehl-Neelsen stain |
Acid-fast bacteria |
| Giemsa's stain |
1. Borellia
2. Plasmodium
3. trypanosomes
4. Chlamydia |
| aminOglycosides |
are ineffective against anaerobes because these antibiotics require Oxygen to enter into bacterial cells. |
| obligate intracellular bacteria |
1. Richettsia 2. Chlamydia *These bugs can't make their own ATP |
| Quelling test |
if bacteria have a capsule they will swell when specific anticapsular antisera is added |
| Some Gram + spore forming bacteria include: |
Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, C. tetani. Other spore formers include: B. cereus, C. botulinum |
| Beta-hemolytic bacteria include: |
1. S. aureus 2. Strep. pyogenes 3. Strep. agalactiae 4. Listeria monocytogenes |
| Signs of rheumatic fever |
1. Subcutaneous nodules 2. Polyarthritis 3. Erythema marignatum 4. Chorea 5. Carditis |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause what? |
Infects prosthetic devices and catheters. It is a component of skin flora; contaminates blood cultures. |
| Lysteria monocytogenes can cause? |
1. amonionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion in pregnant women 2. granulomatous infantiseptica 3. meningitis (in neonates ain immunocompramised) 4. mild gastroenteritis in healthy individuals |
| Actinomyces (looks like a fungus but is actually a gram positive anaerobe) can cause what? |
Oral/facial abcesses that may drain through sinus tracts in skin |
| Penicillin G and gram - bugs |
Gram-negative outer membrane later inhits the entry of penicillin G and vancomycin. |
| Enterobacteriaceae family include |
1. E. coli 2. Salmonella 3. Shigella
4. Kebsiella 5. Enterobacter 6. Serratia
7. Proteus
**They all have a capsule (K antigen), O antigen, flagellar antigen (H antigen), and ferment glucose |
| Klebsiella |
Red currant jelly sputum |
| cAMP inducers |
1. V. cholera-activates Gs --> rice water diarrhea 2. Pertussis toxin: permanently disables Gi -->
whooping cough
3. E.col- heat-labile toxin
4. Bacillus anthracis- edema factor is itself an
adenylate cyclase |
| The Spirochetes include? |
1. Borelia (big size) 2. Leptospira 3. Treponema |
| Lyme disease |
"Expanding bull's eye" |
| Lyme disease clinical presentation |
"BAKE a Key Lyme pie:
Bell's palsy
Arthritis (mono- and poly-arthritis)
Kardiac block
Erythema magrans |
| What do you treat Lyme disease with? |
Doxycycline |
| What are the stages of Lyme diseasse? |
Stage 1: erythema chonicum migrans, flulike symptoms Stage 2: neurologic and cardiac manifestations Stage 3: chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis |
| Argyll Robertson pupil |
Pupil constricts with accommodation but is not reactive to light. Associated with tirtiary syphilis. "Prostitute's pupil, accomodates but does not react." |
| Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol is? |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
*These bacteria do not have a cell wall and therefore penicillin is NOT effective against them |
| Aspergillus fumigatus |
Can cause: lung cavity aspergilloma ("fungus balls"), invasive aspergiliosis (esp. in imm.comp). Mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle. Not dimorphic |
| Toxoplasma gondii: 1. Disease and 2. Treatment? |
1. Disease: brain abcess in HIV patients, birth
defects (ring-enhancing brain lesions)
2. Treatment: sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine |
| Segmented viruses include? |
"BOAR"
1. Bunyaviruses
2. Orthomyxoviruses
3. Arenaviruses
4. Reovirus |
| Yellow fever |
1. Flavivirus
2. transmitted by Aedes mosquitos
3. Symptoms: high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice 4. Lab: Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions)
may be seen in liver |
| PaRaMyxovirus |
1. Parainfluenza (croup)
2. RSV (bronchiolitis in babies; Rx rifavirin)
3. Rubeola (Measles)- rash spread head to toe;
Koplik sopts (red with blue-white center)
4. Mumps |
| The most common and second most common couses of UTIs in young, sexually active women are? |
1. E. coli 2. Staph. saprophyticus |
| The two most common causes of nosocomial infections are? |
E.coli (UTI)
S. aureus (wound infection) |
| Antibiotics that are bacteriostatic? |
"ECSTaTiC":
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, and Chloramphenicol |
| Antibiotics that are bactericidal? |
"Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder": Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Metronidizole |
| Antipseudomonals are? |
"Takes Care of Psuedomonas":
Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin |
| What do you treat gonorrhea with? |
Ceftriaxone |
| Antibiotics that inhibit the 30S ribosome subunit? |
Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)
streptomycin
gentamicin
tobramycin
amikacin)
Tetracyclins (bacteriostatic) |
| Antibiotics that inhibit the 50S ribosome subunit are? |
"CCELL":
Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin (bacteriostatic)
Erythromycin (bacteriostatic)
Lincomycin (bacteriostatic)
Linezolid (variable) |
| NK cells are activated by what cytokine? |
IL-12 (made by B cells and macrophages) |
| What are the chemotactic factors for Neutrophils? |
IL-8 (made by macrophages) and C5a |
| What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? |
1. Rash on pals and soles (migrating to wrists,
ankles, then trunk).
2. headache
3. fever
* endemic to East Coast |
| Palm and sole rash is seen in what conditions? |
1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
2. Syphilis
3. Coxsackievirus |
| Difference in rash appearance between rickettsial rash (Rocky Mount. Spot. Fever) and typhus rash (endemic(R. typhi)/epidemic typus (R. prowazekii))? |
"Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhus on the Trunk."
Rickettsial rash starts on hands and feet vs. typhus rash starts centrally and spreads out. |
| Enzymes that are inhibitors of beta-lactamase and are given in combination with penicillins to create a beta-lactamase resistant combination. |
1. Clavulanic Acid
2. Sulbactam
3. Tazobactam |
