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Epidemiology
Epidemiology, Nosocomial & Disease/Infection-Test #4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epidemiology | study of the transmission & incidence (occurrence) of disease in population |
| What are the types of data that epidemiologists gather? | look for patterns in disease occurrence to establish the chain of transmission; then use of the information to formulate a plan to prevent further outbreak of disease-age, sex, occupation,places visited,personal habits, socioeconomic status, |
| How do you control an outbreak of disease? | only need to break one link in the chain of infection (usually focus on the weakest link) |
| What is the chain of infection (chain of transmission)? | a series of events that perpetuates disease |
| Reservoir | the source of pathogen |
| Portals of exit | where/how pathogens leave an infected host-->skin (wounds, sweat), respiratory/salivary discharges, genital secretion, blood, feces, urine, breast milk, colostrum |
| Transmission Mode | how a pathogen is carried to a new host --> contact, vehicle, arthropod vectors |
| Contact | contact-->direct contact: physical contact between infected host and new host, Ex. kissing, sex, petting an animal;-->indirect contact: transmission through a femite (a contaminated inanimate object), Ex. tissues, diapers, bedding, drinking/eating utensil |
| Contact cont. | -->droplet infection: through salivary or respiratory discharges traveling through the air for a distance less than 1 meter, Ex. flu, diphtheria, pneumonia |
| Vehicle | vehicle: nonliving carrier of infectious agent-->food=>Staphylococcus aureus-->water=>Entamoeba histolytica-->blood=>hepatitis C, HIV-->airborne=>pathogens carried by air for a distance greater than 1 meter (usually carried on dust particles),Ex. measles |
| arthropod vectors | an organism that carries and transmits a pathogen from one host to another |
| portals of entry | where/how pathogen enters the body of a new host |
| What is a vector? | an arthropod that carries disease-causing organisms from one host to another |
| What is a common vehicle? | if more than one case is traced back to the same source |
| What is a nosocomial infection? | an infection acquired in a hospital during hospital stay |
| What are the sources of nosocomial infections? | hospital staff, patients, fomites, air, food or water |
| Explain infective dosage. | exposure to a pathogen is quantitative, the infective dosage is the actual number of pathogens required to overcome host defenses and initiate infection, the actual number depends on the strength of the pathogen and the strength of host defenses |
| Explain the stages in the course of a disease. | infection, incubation period, Prodomal Period, Period of illness, Convalescence Period |
| infection | pathogen enters the host, overcomes host defenses and initiates the course of disease |
| incubation period | time between infection and appearance of first symptoms-->hours to years; pathogen is multiplying, adjusting to the new host, migrating throughout the body |
| Prodomal Period | appearance of nonspecific symptoms (fever, headache, malaise, conjunctivitis) |
| Period of illness | appearance of obvious, specific symptoms-->may be specific enough to allow diagnosis based on symptoms; 2 outcomes: host defenses overcome the pathogens, OR the host defenses cannot overcome the pathogens (= the host dies) |
| Convalescence Period | period of recovery from illness-->some pathogens remain alive in body; possibility of relapse (return of symptoms) |
| What stages are most contagious and why? | the last half of the incubation period and the entire prodomal period |
| What are the levels of recovery from illness? | recovery with immunity: lifelong immunity; will probably not have the same disease again; recovery without immunity: may have the same disease again |
| Levels of Recovery from illness, cont. | recovery as a carrier of the pathogen: no symptoms, but shedding the pathogen and act as a reservoir; carrier state may last from days to a lifetime |
| What is a disease carrier? | (blank) |
| chronic disease | slow, onset, long duration; months or years |
| acute disease | rapid onset, short duration; days or weeks |
| Explain the four terms associated with the incidence of disease. | sporadic, epidemic, endemic, pandemic |
| sporadic | occasional isolated cases or outbreaks of disease--> most days there are no cases--> if we’re talking about humans, the reservoir is probably not human--> Ex. plague or rabies |
| epidemic | outbreak above the normal incidence; disease acquired by many people over a short period of time--> disease could normally be sporadic or endemic--> Ex. Hepatitis A |
| endemic | always present in the population--> most days there are some new cases; can be endemic at a very low level or at a high level (universal)--> Ex. gonorrhea in the U.S. |
| pandemic | worldwide; disease sweeps much of the world (several continents)--> Ex. flu |
Created by:
lisaanne11