This constant is h = h over pi.

Dirac's Constant (Reduced Planck Constant)

This refers to the potential difference on the opposite sides of an electrical conductor through which an electric current is flowing, created by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the current. Edwin Hall discovered this effect in 1879.

The Hall Effect (there is also a Quantum Hall Effect for Quantum stuff)

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Science

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Question	Answer
This, SI unit kg m/s, or, equivalently, N·s) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object (P=mv).	Momentum
Momentum is sometimes referred to as _____ momentum to distinguish it from the related subject of angular momentum.	Linear
Linear momentum is a _______ quantity, since it has a direction as well as a magnitude.	Vector
Angular momentum is a ________ quantity because it gains an additional sign flip under an improper rotation.	Pseudovector
Momentum is a conserved quantity, meaning that the total momentum of any _______ system (one not affected by external forces) cannot change.	Closed
The concept of momentum in classical mechanics was originated by a number of great thinkers and experimentalists. The first of these was _______ circa 1000, who referred to impetus as proportional to weight times velocity.	Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
In physics and chemistry, this is the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is the motion of its center of mass about an external point.	Spin
In particle physics, _______ is the projection of the spin onto the direction of momentum.	Helicity
In physics, this is the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a charged particle.	Thomson scattering
This is a generic type of physical particle that forms one of the two basic constituents of matter, the other being the lepton.	Quark
There are six different types of ________, usually known as flavors: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom.	Quark
These are the only fundamental particles that interact through all four of the fundamental forces.	Quarks
Corresponding to most kinds of particle, there is an associated __________ with the same mass and opposite charges. (The exceptions are massless gauge bosons such as the photon.)	Antiparticle
In particle physics, a _____ is a strongly interacting boson - that is, a hadron with integral spin.	Meson
In particle physics, the _____ are the family of subatomic particles which are made of three quarks. The family notably includes the proton and neutron	Baryons
This term is derived from a Greek word meaning "heavy," because at the time of their naming it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater mass than other particles.	Baryons
In physical cosmology, ____ is the generic term for hypothetical physical processes that produced an asymmetry between baryons and anti-baryons in the very early universe, resulting in the substantial amounts of residual matter that make up the un	Baryogenesis
___________ , often called just confinement, is the physics phenomenon that colour charged particles (such as quarks) cannot be isolated.	Color confinemen
In particle physics, these are particles with a half-integer spin, such as protons and electrons.	Fermions
In contrast to bosons, only one ________ can occupy a quantum state at a given time (they obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle).	Fermion
If more than one fermion occupies the same place in space, the properties of each fermion (e.g. its _____) must be different from the rest.	Spin
In particle physics, these are particles with an integer spin, as opposed to fermions which have half-integer spin.	Bosons
All force carrier particles are these. They are named after Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. In contrast to fermions, several of them can occupy the same quantum state.	Bosons
This is a quantum mechanical principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925. It states that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.	Pauli Exclusion Principle
A more rigorous statement of this principle is that, for two identical fermions, the total wave function is anti-symmetric.	Pauli Exclusion Principle
For electrons in a single atom, it states that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers	Pauli Exclusion Principle
Vacuum Permativty is the ___________ ε0 (also known as the permittivity of free space, or by the term dielectric constant of vacuum), which is a fundamental physical constant.	Electric Constant
The ___________ μ0 (equal to the vacuum permeability, also known as the permeability of free space) is a universal physical constant, relating mechanical and electromagnetic units of measurement.	Magnetic Constant
The ___________, denoted G, is a physical constant involved in the calculation of the gravitational attraction between objects with mass.	Gravitational Constant
This, (denoted h) is a physical constant that is used to describe the sizes of quanta.	Planck's Constant
This is also used in measuring energy emitted as photons, such as in the equation E = hν, where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and ν (Greek letter nu) is frequency.	Planck's Constant
Expressed in the SI units of joule seconds (J·s), this is one of the smallest constants used in physics. The significance of this is that it reflects the extremely small scales at which quantum mechanical effects are observed.	Planck's Constant
This constant is h = h over pi.	Dirac's Constant (Reduced Planck Constant)
It is the speed of anything having zero rest mass.	Speed of light in a vacuum
In metric units, this is exactly 299,792,458 metres per second (1,079,252,848.8 km/h).	The Speed of light in a vacuum
The ratio of c to the observed phase velocity is called the __________ of the medium.	Refractive index
This is the natural unit for expressing the electron magnetic dipole moment in the hydrogen atom. It was first calculated by Romanian physicist Stefan Procopiu around 1910.	The Bohr magneton
The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.	Coulomb's Law
In physics, a ______ is a simple physical quantity that does not depend on direction, and is therefore not changed by coordinate system rotations (in Newtonian mechanics), or by Lorentz transformations (in relativity). (Contrast to vector.)	Scalar
In physics, this converts between two different observers' measurements of space and time, where one observer is in constant motion with respect to the other.	The Lorentz Transformation
In physics and chemistry,this is the concept that all matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. A central concept of quantum mechanics, duality addresses the inadequacy of classical concepts like "particle" and "wave".	Wave-particle duality
The idea of this duality is rooted in a debate over the nature of light and matter dating back to the 1600s, when competing theories of light were proposed by Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton.	Wave-particle duality
In 1924, Louis-Victor de Broglie formulated the _________, claiming that all matter,[4][5] not just light, has a wave-like nature	De Broglie Hypothesis
This is the phenomenon of current flow across two weakly coupled superconductors, separated by a very thin insulating barrier.	The Josephson Effect
These are very sensitive magnetometers used to measure extremely small magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.	SQUIDs
This refers to the potential difference on the opposite sides of an electrical conductor through which an electric current is flowing, created by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the current. Edwin Hall discovered this effect in 1879.	The Hall Effect (there is also a Quantum Hall Effect for Quantum stuff)
In the simplest atom, hydrogen, a single electron orbits, and the smallest possible orbit for the electron, that with the lowest energy, is most likely to be found at a distance from the nucleus called the _______	Bohr Radius
This is the number of "entities" (usually, atoms or molecules) in one mole,[1][2] that is the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams (0.012 kg) of unbound carbon-12 in its ground state.	Avogadro's Number
The current best estimate of this number is: 6.022 141 79, etc.	Avogadro's Number
This is the physical constant relating temperature to energy.	Boltzmann Constant
In physics and chemistry, this is the amount of electric charge per mole of electrons.	The Faraday Constant
This formula is used in atomic physics for describing the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements.	The Rydberg Formula
In chemistry and physics, this (symbol:n0) is the number density of particles (atoms or molecules) of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure.	Loschmidt Constant
The state of an amount of gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature according to the equation:PV = nRT	Ideal Gas Law
This is an equation of state for a fluid composed of particles that have a non-zero size and a pairwise attractive inter-particle force.	Van der Waals Equation
In physics, this is a quantity related to the amount of energy that would be required to move an object from one place to another against various types of forces.	Potential Difference
This, usually denoted by symbol R) is a physical constant which features in large number of fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law and the Nernst equation.	The Gas Constant
This is a law of physics that states that there is an inverse relationship between the wavelength of the peak of the emission of a black body and its temperature.	Wien's displacement law
This is an expression for the entropy of a monatomic classical ideal gas which uses quantum considerations to arrive at an exact formula. Classical thermodynamics can only give the entropy of a classical ideal gas to within a constant.	Sackur-Tetrode equation
This, a physical constant denoted by the Greek letter sigma; the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body in unit time	Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
This is equal to the absolute value of the electric potential energy of the hydrogen atom in its ground state.	Hartree Energy
This is a statement in physical cosmology which states that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance.	Hubble's Law
This is a mathematical constant recurring in analysis and number theory, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter γ (gamma).	The Euler Constant
This is the maximum nonrotating mass which can be supported against gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy pressure. It is commonly given as being about 1.4 solar masses.	The Chandrasekhar Limit
In physics, it relates the circulating magnetic field in a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop.	Ampere's Law
A robot may not harm a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.	First Law of Robotics
A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.	Second Law of Robotics
A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.	Third Law of Robotics
A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.	Zeroth Law of Robotics
In any collection of statistics, a given statistic has roughly a 30% chance of starting with the digit 1.	Benford's Law
The significance of this law is that it is an inverse square law solution to Ampère's Law.	The Biot-Savart Law
For a fixed amount of gas kept at a fixed temperature, P and V are inversely proportional (while one increases, the other decreases).	Boyle's Law
a pattern described by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934 that estimates the exponentially diminishing returns of extending a library search	Bradford's Law
Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.	Brooks' Law
This law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature (in kelvins) increases or decreases.	Charles's Law
When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.	Arthur C. Clarke's First Law
The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.	Arthur C. Clarke's Second Law
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.	Arthur C. Clarke's Third Law
Any piece of software reflects the organizational structure that produced it.	Conway's Law
In chemistry and physics, states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture.	Dalton's Law
"An organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors." Simply put this laws states that evolution is not reversible.	Dollo's Law
Winner-take-all (or first-past-the-post) electoral systems tend to create a 2 party system, while proportional representation tends to create a multiple party system.	Duverger's Law
It states that a magnetic field changing in time creates a proportional electromotive force.	Faraday's Law of Induction
It states that the mass of a substance produced at an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the number of moles of electrons transferred at that electrode.	Faraday's Law of Electrolysis
Adolf Eugen Fick invented these.	Contact lenses
also known as the 'law of heat conduction states that the time rate of heat flow Q through a slab (or a portion of a perfectly insulated wire) is proportional to the gradient of temperature difference	Fourier's Law
In physics, gives the relation between the electric flux flowing out a closed surface and the charge enclosed in the surface.	Gauss's Law
An adage in Internet culture that states "As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one."	Godwin's Law
When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.	Goodhart's Law
In physics, a gas law which states that the average kinetic energy of the molecules of two samples of different gases at the same temperature is identical.	Graham's Law
"bad money drives good money out of circulation". Coined in 1858 by British economist Henry Dunning Macleod, and named for Sir Thomas Gresham (1519–1579). The principle had been stated before Gresham by others, including Nicolaus Copernicus.	Gresham's Law
explains correspondence between some consonants in Germanic languages vs. other Indo-European languages. Discovered by Jacob Grimm, (1785 – 1863), German philologist and mythologist and one of the Brothers Grimm.	Grimm's Law
States that one cannot measure values (with arbitrary precision) of certain conjugate quantities, which are pairs of observables of a single elementary particle. The most familiar of these pairs is the position and momentum.	Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
The mass of a gas that dissolves in a definite volume of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas provided the gas does not react with the solvent.	Henry's Law
The tension on a spring or other elastic object is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium.	Hooke's Law
Under some conditions, it is rational for competitors to make their products as nearly identical as possible.	Hotelling's Law
Galaxies recede from an observer at a rate proportional to their distance to that observer.	Hubble's Law
In meta-ethics, the assertion that normative statements cannot be deduced exclusively from descriptive statements.	Hume's Law
Law stating a cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge	Kerckhoff's Law
The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci. An ellipse is characterized by its two focal points; see illustration.	Kepler's First Law
he planet travels faster while close to the sun and slows down when it is farther from the sun.	Kepler's 2nd law of Planetary Motion
not only that larger orbits have longer periods, but also that the speed of a planet in a larger orbit is lower than in a smaller orbit.	Kepler's 3rd Law of Planetary Motion
"given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow".	Linus's Law
States that individuals can expect miracles to happen to them, at the rate of about one per month.	Littlewood's Law
In communications and network theory, states that the value of a system grows as approximately the square of the number of users of the system.	Metcalfe's Law
An empirical observation stating that the complexity of integrated circuits doubles every 24 months.	Moore's Law
"The amount of violations of human rights in a country is always an inverse function of the amount of complaints about human rights violations heard from there."	Moynihan's Law
A body remains at rest, or moves in a straight line (at a constant velocity), unless acted upon by a net outside force.	Newton's First Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object of constant mass is proportional to the force acting upon it.	Newton's Second Law of Motion
Whenever one body exerts force upon a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force upon the first body.	Newton's Third Law of Motion
the rate of cooling (or heating) of a body due to convection is proportional to the difference between the body temperature and the ambient temperature.	Newton's Law of Cooling
States that explanations should never multiply causes without necessity. When two explanations are offered for a phenomenon, the simplest full explanation is preferable.	Occam's Razor
In physics, states that the ratio of the potential difference (or voltage drop) between the ends of a conductor (and resistor) to the current flowing through it is a constant, provided the temperature doesn't change.	Ohm's Law
"Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion".	Parkinson's Law
For independent random variables with a common distribution, the average value for a sample tends to the mean as sample size increases.	Poisson's Law of Large Numbers
In chemistry, states that the vapor pressure of mixed liquids is dependent on the vapor pressures of the individual liquids and the molar vulgar fraction of each present in solution.	Raoult's Law
is the assertion of David P. Reed that the utility of large networks, particularly social networks, can scale exponentially with the size of the network.	Reed's Law
people generally patronize the largest mall in the area.	Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation
everyone specializes in his own area of weakness.	Rothbard's Law
"supply creates its own demand," i.e., that if businesses produce more output in a free market economy, the wages and other payment for productive inputs will provide sufficient demand so that there is no general glut	Say's Law
attributed to economist Jean-Baptiste Say and contrasted to Keynes' Law	Say's Law
"demand creates its own supply"	Keynes's Law
It is the simple formula used to calculate the refraction of light when traveling between two media of differing refractive index.	Snell's Law
In physics this law relates the intensity of a stimulus to its perceived strength. It supersedes the Weber-Fechner law, since it can describe a wider range of sensations.	Stevens' Power Law
No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer, named by statistician Stephen Stigler who attributes it to sociologist Robert Merton, making the law self-referential.	Stigler's Law
"Nothing is always absolutely so."	Sturgeon's Law
In fluid mechanics, this is the ratio of inertial forces (vsρ) to viscous forces	Reynolds Number
"90 percent of everything is crud."	Sturgeon's Revelation
"'Go where the money is'". Often cited in medical schools to teach new doctors to spend resources where they are most likely to pay off.	Sutton's Law
This law named after Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Theodor Fechner attempts to describe the human perception of various physical stimuli. In most cases, Stevens' power law gives a more accurate description.	Weber-Fechner Law
Every program attempts to expand until it can read mail. Those programs which cannot so expand are replaced by ones which can.	Zawinski's Law
in linguistics, the observation that the frequency of use of the nth-most-frequently-used word in any natural language is approximately inversely proportional to n, or, more simply, that a few words are used very often, but many or most are used rarely.	Zipf's Law
This states that for an incompressible fluid (e.g. most liquids), with no work being performed on the fluid, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure.	Bernoulli Principle
It calculates the lattice enthalpy by comparing the standard enthalpy change of formation of the ionic compound (from the elements) to the enthalpy required to make gaseous ions from the elements. This is an application of Hess's Law.	Born-Haber Cycle
law states that because enthalpy is a state function, the enthalpy change of a reaction is the same regardless of what pathway is taken to achieve the products. In other words, only the start and end states matter to the reaction, not the individual steps	Hess's Law
is a state of matter of bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 K or -273.15 °C).	Bose-Einstein Condensate
This is the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, often called a particle theory.	Brownian Motion
This is a name for the effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate. It is therefore a special case of the greenhouse effect.	The Callendar Effect
It uses the energy from short-lived electronically-excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by a plant.	The Calvin-Benson Cycle
is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position.	Cannizzaro Reaction
This is the most efficient cycle possible for converting a given amount of thermal energy into work or, conversely, for using a given amount of work for refrigeration purposes.	Carnot Cycle
Another name for a geostationary orbit.	Clarke Orbit
In physics, this is the decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, when it interacts with matter.	Compton Scattering
This effect is important because it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon. Thomson scattering, the classical theory of an electromagnetic wave scattered by charged particles, cannot explain any shift in wavelength.	Compton Scattering
In biology and psychology, the term Coolidge effect describes phenomena seen in nearly every species that it has been tested in whereby males show continuously high sexual performance given the introduction of new receptive females	Coolidge Effect
This is an apparent deflection of moving objects from a straight path when they are viewed from a rotating frame of reference.	The Coriolis Effect
The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.	Coulomb's Law
This is a term in physics and materials science, named after Pierre Curie (1859-1906), and refers to a characteristic property of a ferromagnetic or piezoelectric material.	The Curie Point
is the change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves.	The Doppler Effect
These are a class of chemical compounds and functional groups. Esters consist of an inorganic or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxy) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group.	Esters
This is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain ceramics) to generate an electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress.	Piezoelectricity
This is the largest luminosity that can pass through a layer of gas in hydrostatic equilibrium, supposing spherical symmetry. Using the mass-luminosity relation, it can be used to set limits on the maximum mass of a star.	Eddington Luminosity
This is the idea that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time.	Fermat's Principle
This is a tool invented by an American physicist for performing scattering calculations in quantum field theory. Particles are represented by lines.	Feynman Diagram
is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation.	Fujita Scale
This is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory and in all of mathematics. It states: Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.	Goldbach's Conjecture
is commonly stated: "Bad money drives out good." Or, more precisely: "When there is a legal-tender currency, bad money drives good money out of circulation." Or, more accurately: "Money overvalued by the State will drive money undervalued by the state out	Gresham's Law
This is a thermal radiation with a black body spectrum predicted to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects.	Hawking Radiation
This shows the relationship between absolute magnitude, luminosity, classification, and effective temperature of stars.	Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
This can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or total pressure, then the equilibrium shifts to partially counter	Le Chatelier's Principle
This is a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which no player has anything to gain by changing only his or her own strategy unilaterally.	Nash Equilibrium
It states in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between	Ohm's Law
is a postulated spherical cloud of comets situated about 50,000 AU[1] from the Sun. This is approximately 1000 times the distance from the Sun to Pluto or nearly a light year.	Oort Cloud
This is the nearest star to the Sun.	Proxima Centauri
This is the closest star SYSTEM to our Solar System at 4.37 light-years distant (about 41.5 trillion km, 25.8 trillion miles or 277,600 AU). Proxima Centauri, usually regarded as part of the system, is the closest star at 4.22 light-years away.	Alpha Centauri
is an electrical weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a coronal discharge originating from a grounded object in an atmospheric electric field	St. Elmo's Fire
is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe black-body radiation where an inertial observer would observe none. In other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame.	The Unruh Effect
This is a torus of energetic charged particles (plasma) around Earth, held in place by Earth's magnetic field. It is closely related to the polar aurora where particles strike the upper atmosphere and fluoresce.	Van Allen Radiation Belt
It is a principle in general equilibrium theory that states that if every market but the last market are in equilibrium, then the last market must also be in equilibrium.	Walras' Law
It describes the situation in which an unstable particle, if observed continuously, will never decay.	The Quantum Zeno Effect
It raises the question of whether an object, which has had all its component parts replaced, remains fundamentally the same.	The Ship of Theseus/Theseus' Paradox
an example of this paradox which arises when one considers a heap of sand, from which grains are individually removed. Is it still a heap when only one grain remains? If not, when did it change from a heap to a non-heap?	The Sorites Paradox
When the Okies left Oklahoma and moved to California, they raised the average intelligence level in both states.	The Will Rogers Phenomenon
Though most numbers are not squares, there are no more numbers than squares.	Galileo's Paradox
the buoyancy of a relativistic object (such as a bullet) appears to change when the reference frame is changed from one in which the bullet is at rest to one in which the fluid is at rest.	Supplee's Paradox
A puzzling consequence of special relativity: a traveling person will return younger than his identical twin who stayed put.	Twin Paradox
It is the observation that, in some specific, fairly common circumstances, warmer water freezes faster than colder water.	The Mpemba Effect
You travel back in time and kill your grandfather before he meets your grandmother which precludes your own conception and, therefore, you couldn't go back in time and kill your grandfather.	Grandfather Paradox
"You will never reach point B from point A as you must always get half-way there, and half of the half, and half of that half, and so on..."	Zeno's Paradoxes
"It's raining outside but I don't believe that it is." This paradox might well have been forgotten if not for the fact that Ludwig Wittgenstein is reported to have considered it to be Moore's most important contributio	Moore's Paradox
Can an omnipotent being create a rock too heavy to lift?	Omnipotence Paradox
If truth does not exist, the statement "truth does not exist" is a truth, thereby proving itself incorrect.	Nihilist Paradox
Increasing the price of bread makes poor people eat more of it.	Giffen Paradox
Increases in efficiency lead to even larger increases in demand.	Jevons Paradox
If everyone saves more money during times of recession, then aggregate demand will fall and will in turn lower total savings in the population.	Paradox of Thrift
People will only offer a modest fee for a reward of infinite value.	St. Petersburg Paradox
It is a paradox in game theory and is often described as: A losing strategy that wins.	Parrondo's Paradox
is a joke paradox based on the tongue-in-cheek combination of two adages:	The Buttered Cat Paradox
"a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid," also called the law of upthrust	The Archimedes Principle
Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point masses	Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
is a physical law expressing the relationship between the heat generated by the current flowing through a conductor.	Joule's First Law
states that the internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of its volume and pressure, depending only its temperature.	Joule's Second Law
This law is closely related to, and thus easily derived from Ohm's Law.	Joule's First Law
In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.	First Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.	Second Law of Thermodynamics
As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant.	Third Law of Thermodynamics
If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.	Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
For a fixed amount of gas kept at a fixed temperature, P and V are inversely proportional (while one increases, the other decreases).	Boyle's Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature (in kelvin) increases or decreases.	Charles's Law
The state of an amount of gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature according to the equation: PV = nRT	Ideal Gas Law
states that the time rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area at right angles	Fourier's Law
It is the hypothesis in economics that the utility of an agent facing uncertainty is calculated by considering utility in each possible state and constructing a weighted average.	Expected Utility Hypothesis
Laid the foundations of particle-wave duality and was the key idea in the Schrödinger equation.	De Broglie Hypothesis
No engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.	Carnot's Theorem
It is a theorem from number theory which considers two distinct odd prime numbers, p and q. This theorem helps determine whether each prime is a perfect square "modulo" the other	Law of Quadratic Reciprocity
is an argument demonstrating that classification is impossible without some sort of bias. Named for Hans Christian Anderson story.	Ugly Duckling Theorem
He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.	Henri Poincare
Also called Archimedes' constant or Ludolph's number.	Pi
This is a number which can be expressed as a ratio of two integers.	Rational number
They may be described informally as numbers that can be given by an infinite decimal representation, such as 2.4871773339.... They include rational and irrational numbers.	Real numbers
it is a number which cannot be expressed as a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers, with n non-zero. Informally, this means numbers that cannot be represented as simple fractions.	Irrational number
this is also called Pythagoras' constant	The square root of two
This is also called Theodorus' Constant	The square root of three
This ratio can be expressed as a mathematical constant, usually denoted by the Greek letter Phi.	The golden ratio
This is the lowest Pisot-Vijayaraghavan number.	The Plastic Number
It is a spin-½ lepton that participates in electromagnetic interactions, its mass is approximately 1 / 1836 of the proton.	Electron
is a nonnegative scalar measure of a wave's magnitude of oscillation, that is, the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wave cycle.	Amplitude
In chemistry, mineralogy, and materials science, a _____ is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.	Crystal
Most metals encountered in everyday life are these types of crystals.	Polycrystals
This is mass (m) per unit volume (V) — the ratio of the amount of matter in an object compared to its volume.	Density
is a special case of relative density defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance, to the density of water.	Specific gravity
This is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system, which can be used to calculate the "useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure.	Enthalpy
This iymbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system’s energy to do work.	Entropy
This is a term coined in 1927 by British astronomer Arthur Eddington used to distinguish a direction of time on a four-dimensional relativistic map of the world; which, according to Eddington, can be determined by a study of organizations of atoms, molecu	The arrow of time
This states that the induced electromotive force in a closed loop is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop.	Faraday's Law of Induction
This is a way to calculate the transition rate (probability of transition per unit time) from one energy eigenstate of a quantum system into a continuum of energy eigenstates, due to a perturbation.	Fermi's Golden Rule
This is the "normal" form of magnetism with which most people are familiar, as exhibited in horseshoe magnets and refrigerator magnets.	Ferromagnetism
This is a quantum number of elementary particles related to their weak interactions. In the electroweak theory this symmetry is gauged, and _____ changing processes exist. In quantum chromodynamics, on the other hand, _____ is a global symmetry.	Flavour
This is a material that resists the flow of electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing current through itself.	Insulator
This is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimal amplitude.	Node
This can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy.	Potential energy
is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy required or expended for a given unit of time.	Power
It is work divided by time	Power
This is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron.	Positron
This is the force per unit area applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular to that surface.	Pressure
This is the normal force divided by the area.	Pressure
This is the study of the relationship between energy quanta (radiation) and matter, in particular that between valence shell electrons and photons.	Quantum Mechanics
This refers to a particle-like entity arising in certain systems of interacting particles. It can be thought of as a single particle moving through the system, surrounded by a cloud of other particles that are being pushed out of the way or dragged along.	Quasiparticle
The _____ of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium.	Refractive Index
This is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. This is most commonly seen when a wave passes from one medium to another.	Refraction
This is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system.	Zero-Point Theory
This is the minimum energy (usually measured in electron volts) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point immediately outside the solid surface	The work function
For example, in an atom with a single electron, such as hydrogen or ionized helium, the ________ of the electron provides a complete description of how the electron behaves.	Wave function
is the distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a given frequency. It is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda	Wavelength
This is a concept characterized by a magnitude and a direction, and which sums with other vectors according to the Parallelogram law.	Vector
A _____ is a variable that only has magnitude, e.g. a speed of 40 km/h. Compare it with vector, a quantity comprising both magnitude and direction, e.g. a velocity of 40km/h north.	Scalar
It is a vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about some axis. The magnitude of a ____ is defined as force times its lever arm. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a _____ can be thought of as a twist.	Torque
The SI unit for _____ is newton meters (N m). In U.S. customary units, it is measured in foot pounds (ft·lbf) (also known as 'pounds feet'). The symbol for _____ is τ, the Greek letter tau.	Torque
It is a non-quantifiable property of matter by which it remains at rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force.	Inertia
This, also called angular mass, (SI units kg m2, Former British units slug ft2), is the rotational analog of mass. That is, it is the inertia of a rigid rotating body with respect to its rotation.	Moment of inertia
This plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in basic dynamics, determining the relationship between angular momentum and angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration,	Moment of inertia
is a phase of matter or description of heat capacity in which "unusual" effects are observed when liquids, typically of helium-4 or helium-3, overcome friction by surface interaction when at a stage, known as the "lambda point"	Superfluidity
This is the process of chilling a liquid below its equilibrium freezing point, without it becoming solid.	Supercooling
This is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at extremely low temperatures, characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect).	Superconductivity
In particle physics, _________, denoted as S, is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number for describing decay of particles in strong and electro-magnetic reactions, which occur in a short period of time.	Strangeness
This is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. The term originated primarily through the work of Scottish physicist Joseph Black.	Specific heat capacity
This is the onset of a phase transition in a small region. The phase transition can be the formation of a bubble or of a crystal from a liquid.	Nucleation
One of these is equal to exactly 10 micronewtons. Further, one of these can be defined as "the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimetre per second squared".	Dyne
______ per centimetre is the measurement usually associated with measuring surface tension.	Dynes
This is the amount of force that is required to accelerate a kilogram of mass at a rate of one meter per second squared.	Newton
In the United States, a ____ is a unit of force that equals 1,000 pounds-force, used primarily by architects and engineers to measure engineering loads.	Kip
This is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's Second and Third Laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction the accelerated mass will cause a proportional but opposite force on that system.	Thrust
In fluid dynamics, this is the force that resists the movement of a solid object through a fluid (a liquid or gas).	Drag
This is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor or turbine) or sail as seen in cross-section.	Airfoil
This is the process by which an object achieves sustained movement either through the air (or movement beyond earth's atmosphere, in the case of spaceflight) by aerodynamically generating lift, propulsive thrust or aerostatically using buoyancy.	Flight
This, sometimes known as streamline flow, occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.	Laminar Flow
It is the opposite of turbulent flow.	Laminar Flow
This is a type of fluid flow where inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces. The Reynolds number in this flow is less than 1.	Stokes Flow
is a dimensionless measure of relative speed. It is defined as the speed of an object relative to a fluid medium, divided by the speed of sound in that medium:	Mach Number
It is a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller or helicopter rotor, by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and R.E. Froude (1889).	The Momentum theory
Modern kind of windmill.	Wind turbine
In fluid dynamics, this flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time.	Turbulence
Opposite of laminar flow	Turbulent flow
It is a region of reduced pressure produced behind an object as it moves through a fluid medium (usually air) or as that medium moves around an object.	Slipstream
In aerodynamics, this is the speed at which an aircraft increases its altitude.	Rate of climb
Opposite of Rate of Climb	Rate of Descent
to rotate about a vertical axis	Yaw
In flight these can refer to rotation about a horizontal axis.	Pitch and Roll
What does Louis Ampere's SI unit measure?	Electric current
What does Lord Kelvin's SI unit measure?	Thermodynamic temperature
What does Henri Becquerel's SI unit measure?	Radioactivity
What does Charles-Augustin de Coulomb's SI unit measure?	Electric charge
What does Michael Faraday's SI unit measure?	Capacitance
What does Louis Harold Gray's SI unit measure?	Absorbed dose of radiation
What does Joseph Henry's SI unit measure?	Inductance
What does James Joule's SI unit measure?	Energy, work, heat
What does Isaac Newton's SI unit measure?	Force
What does George Ohm's SI unit measure?	Electrical resistance
What does Blaise Pascal's SI unit measure?	Pressure
What does Werner von Siemens' SI unit measure?	Electrical conductance
What does Rolf Sievert's SI unit measure?	Radiation dose equivalent
What does Nikola Tesla's SI unit measure?	Magnetic flux density
It attempts to reflect the biological effects of radiation as opposed to the physical aspects, which are characterised by the absorbed dose, measured in grays.	The Sievert
What does Alessandro Volta's SI unit measure?	Electric potential, electromotive force
What does James Watt's SI unit measure?	Power, radiant flux
What does Wilhelm Eduard Weber's SI unit measure?	Magnetic flux
What does Hans Christian Oersted's SI unit measure?	Magnetic field strength
What does Anders Jonas Angstrom's SI unit measure?	Distance
What does John Dalton's SI unit measure?	Atomic mass
What does Enrico Fermi's SI unit measure?	Distance

Created by: guidedbyalan

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