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Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Winter 2008
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathophysiology | An external loss of homeostasis (normal balance) |
| Mitochondria | cellular energy metabolsim |
| Nucleus | surrounded by the cytoplasm, contains genetic material, primary function is cell division and genetic information control |
| Cell Membrane | phospolipid membrane which is intact and semipermable |
| Vesicles | small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances |
| RER | RNA complexes that are in the cytoplasm, primary function is site of protein synthesis |
| Lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes (hydrolasas) |
| Waste product of CAC | CO2 |
| ATP Produced by Glucose | 4 (2 used) |
| CAC location | Mitochondria |
| Passive Transport | Diffusion- no energy needed |
| Mediated Transport | involves transmembrane proteins |
| Active Transport | the protein membrane transports molecules in and out of the cell |
| Example of Active Transport | Na/ K Pump (Master Pump) |
| Endocytosis | enfolds substances from outside the cell and separates the plasma membrane moving the item into the cell |
| Exocytosis | the vacuole is release out of the cell into the extracellular matrix |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water from LESS concentration to HIGH concentration |
| Epithelial Tissue | internal and external cels |
| Connective Tissue | france work on which epithelical cells cluster |
| Muscle Tissue | long, thin, highly contractile |
| Neural Tissue | highly specialized, recieves and transports electrical impulses |
| Atrophy | DECREASE in size of cells not in number of cells/ cell damage |
| Example of Atrophy | Ulcer nerve syndrome |
| Hypertrophy | INCREASE in cell size not in number of cells |
| Example of Hypertrophy | Heart Hypertrophy |
| Hyperplasia | INCREASE in number of cells |
| Example of Hyperplasia | keloids, precaneous lesion |
| Metaplasia | Change in cell type AND number (Pathological only) |
| Example of Metaplasia | Smokers Lunger (puesdo stratifed cells) |
| Dysplasia | Change in cell type AND number/ loss of specifity |
| Example of Dysplasia | Prelimarly tumor |
| Hypoxia | Decreases oxygen (cell makes less ATP/ less functioning) |
| Anemia | Full oxygen/ DECREASED blood flow |
| Obstruction/ Cessatino of blood flow lead to.... | Ischemia |
| Ischemia leads to... | DECREASED Mitochondiral Oxygenation |
| Decreased Mitochondrial Oxygenationation leads to.... | DECREASED ATP and Severe degeneration of Mitochondria |
| Decreast of ATP in the cell leads to... | DECREASE of the Master Pump (K/Na) and INCREASED Glycolysis |
| DECREASED in the master pump leads to.... | Intracellular water, Na and Ca AND Extracellular K |
| Intracellular water, Na and Ca AND Extracellular K leads to... | Cellular swelling AND Organelle damage |
| NCREASED Glycolysis leads to.. | DECREASED Glyosis |
| Decreased Glyosis leads to.. | INCREASED Latate and DECREASED pH |
| INCREASED Latate and DECREASED pH leads to... | Nuclear chromatin (nonfunctioning) AND swelling of lysosomes |
| Swelling of lysosomes leads to... | INCreased relates of lysosomal enzymes = cell autodigestion |
| Excessive vacuolation of cytoplasm leads to... | membrane breakdown/phosopholids break down and make vacules (stops cell communication) |
| Oxygen does this to phospholipids? | changes the structure by removing the double bond so that all phospholipds stick together |
| Membrane damage leads to... | loss of phosopholids, activation of inflamation,increase of FR, loss of function |
| loss of phosopholids, activation of inflamation,increase of FR, loss of membrane function leads to... | release of enxymes (CPK and LPH) AND increase of Ca intracellular (enzyme stimulates to death) |
| T/F Excess is bad for function. | True, excess gets in the way of function. |
| Free Radical | an unbalanced molecule that has too many or to few elections that will steal elections from any other molecule and trigger negative events |
| Paulk and FR | thought if you took in mass doses of vitamin C you could rid your body of FR |
| Super Oxide | A oxygen with only 7 elections. (very dangerous FR) |
| Causes of DNA Damage | UV, Ionizing radition, nuclear fallout, smoking, hydroxyl radicals/ air pollution, Extra produced from the ETC, and Inflammation (wbc) |
| SOD | Super Ocide Disupase (VERY Bad) |
| Catalase | makes H202 (bad) into 2 molecules of water (good) |
| FR and DNA | conjugate AT/ CG's so they can't replicate (naturally the body can repair |
| FR and Vitamin C and E | FR will attach to Vit-C and carry it out of the body/ Vit-E will attach also but then give to vit-c to carry out of the body |
| Direct toxcity by combining with a molecular component of the cell leads to... | cell leaks |
| Indirect toxic through the production of reactive FR leads to... | change in cell structure |
| CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride and the Liver | the liver attemtps to metabolize this non toxic structure made makes it toxic |
| Lead poisioning leads to... | inhibition of the calcim channel at the neural juction |
| S/S Lead posioning | convulsions, delirium, paralysis |
| Carbon Monoxide Posioning Leads to... | hypoxic injury (binds 300X tighter to Hmgb) |
| Ethanol Toxicity leads to ... | CNS depression |
| Hallmark of Ethanol Toxicity is.. | forgetting |
| S/S of Ethanol Toxicity | Not restful sleep, forgetting, slow response |
| S/S of Carbon Monoxide | Headache, Giddiness, Tinnitus (ringing in ears), Nausea, Weak, Vomiting |
| Ethanol becomes ADH which becomes.... | Acetaldeyde (which is used for preserving cadavers) |
| Acetaldehyde goes to ACDH which leads to.... | Acatate (aCO and CO2) and FR |
| Necrosis | Cell murder |
| Apoptosis | Cell suicide |
Created by:
jamilah