| Question |
Answer |
| The pericardium is made up of two parts name them. | Fibrous and serous pericardium |
| The serous pericardium is made of what two layers? | parietal and visceral |
| The visceral layer of the pericardium plus the connective tissue and fat make up what? | epicardium |
| The slit-like space between the visceral and parietal pericardium? What type of space is this? | pericardial cavity, potential |
| The transverse sinus is located posterior to what two structures? | the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk |
| The oblique sinus is a cul-de-sac, what does this mean? | there is no passage through it |
| What is the main artery that supplies the pericardium? | pericardiacophrenic |
| The pericardiacophrenic artery is a branch of what artery? | internal thoracic |
| The fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium are supplied by what nerve? | phrenic |
| The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is innervated by what? | the cardiac plexus |
| The long axis of the heart (from base to apex) is directed how? | anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left |
| What structures drain into the right atrium? | SVC, IVC, coronary sinus |
| What structures drain into the left atrium? | superior and inferior, right and left pulmonary arteries (4) |
| The right ventricle pumps blood into what structure? | the pulmonary trunk |
| The right ventricle pumps blood into what structure? | the ascending aorta |
| Right chamber of the heart are not only right but also _______________. | anterior |
| The left chambers of the heart are not only left but also __________________. | posterior |
| These projections of the atria wrap around the roots of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. | auricles |
| The apex of the heart is formed by what? | LV |
| What surface level coresponds to the apex of the heart? | 5th intercostal space 9cm from midline |
| What structure makes up the majority of the base of the heart? | LA |
| What seperates the base of the heart from the diaphragmatic surface? | coronary sulcus |
| The diaphragmatic surface of the heart is formed mainly by what? | LV |
| This runs from the coronary sulcus toward apex and is the division between the RV and LV on the diaphragmatic surface? | posterior interventricular sulcus |
| The left pulmonary surface is formed mainly by? | LV |
| The right pulmonary surface is formed mainly by? | RA |
| This is a ridge on the internal aspect of the lateral wall of the RA that sets a limit between main cavity of atrium and auricle. | cristae terminalis |
| The right auricles walls are roughened by bundles of muscle fibers known as? | pectinate muscles |
| Of the following structures which have true valves, rudimentary valves, and no valves. SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus | SVC no valve, other two have rudimentary valves |
| This communicates the RA and RV, and is guarded by what valve? | right atrioventricular orifice, tricuspid valve |
| Give the name of the cusps of the tricuspid valve. | anterior, posterior, and septal |
| What is the shallow depression in the wall of the RA and what is its upper better marked border known as? | the fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis |
| What communictes the RA and LA during interurterine life? | foramen ovale |
| The funnel-shaped area below the pulmonary orifice in the RV? | infundibulum or conus ateriosus |
| In the RV below the conus arteriosus, the walls have what? | muscular ridges known as trabeculae carneae |
| What is an atrial-septal defect? | when the foramen ovale doesnt close at birth |
| What maintains the patency of the foramen ovale during interuterine life? | very high pulmonary pressure |
| What prevents the tricuspid valve from being forced into the RA upon RV contraction? | papillary muscles attached to chordae tendineae |
| How many primary papillary muscles are found in the RV? | 3 |
| What is the muscular ridge that extends from the interventricular septum to the anterior ventricular wall? Why is it significant? | septomarginal trabecula, converys right branch of the atrioventricular bundle |
| What is another name for the septomarginal trabecula? | moderator band |
| Describe the pulmonary valve. | 3 semilunar cusps |
| In addition to the pulmonary valve this helps prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the RV during diastole. | pulmonary sinus |
| This communicates the RA with the RV and is guarded by what valve? | right atrioventricular orifice, mitral or bicuspid valve |
| How many primary papillary muscles are in the RV? | 3 (anterior, posterior, septal) |
| When discussing the ascending aorta what is meant by the non-coronary sinus? | arotic has right and left sinuses that give rise to right and left coronary arteries, posterior sinus doesnt give rise to anything |
| The interventricular sulci on the outer heart wall indicates what internal structure? | interventricular septum |
| Which side of the heart has the greatest internal pressure and what anatomically shows this? | the left side, and the left ventricle muscle is thicker than the right |
| A venrticular septal defect usually effects what part of the interventricular septum? | the membranous part |
| What is the pathological result of an unrepaired ventricular septal defect? | enlargement of the right ventricle |
| Describe what causes the first and second heart sounds. | Ist sound closure of tricuspid and mitral valves, second sound closer of the aortic and pulmonary valves |
| If you wanted to auscultate the closer of the aortic valve where would you place the stethescope? | medial end of second right intercostal space |
| If you wanted to auscultate the closer of the mitral valve where would this best be heard? | at the apex of the heart |
Buen Viaje lv.2 ch 8
