Question | Answer |
Oral neoplasms (new growth) commonly occur on the? | 1. Floor of the oral cavity. |
Oral neoplasms (new growth) commonly occur on the? | 2. Tongue |
Oral neoplasms (new growth) commonly occur on the? | 3. Inferior oral labia (lip). |
Labial carcinoma is often associated with? | pipe and cigar smoking |
Carcinomas of the buccae (cheek), tongue, or palate (oral roof) are commonly associated with? | chewing tobacco or dipping (snuff) |
A premalignant sign of an oral neoplasm is? | leukoplakia (white patches that appear on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity). |
Dx (diagnosis) of an oral neoplasm is confirmed with a? | Bx (biopsy) |
Oral neoplasms respond well to? | surgery and radiation therapy. |
Signs and symptoms of an esophageal malignancy include? | 1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) |
Signs and symptoms of an esophageal malignancy include? | 2. Vomiting |
Signs and symptoms of an esophageal malignancy include? | 3. Halitosis (bad breath) |
Signs and symptoms of an esophageal malignancy include? | 4. WT (weight) loss. |
Signs and symptoms of an esophageal malignancy include? | 5. Aphagia (inability to swallow) |
Dx (diagnosis) for an esophageal malignancy includes an? | UGI (upper gastrointestinal) AKA barium swallow) |
The Px (prognosis) for an esophageal is poor because? | metastasis (spreads) usually occurs before detection. |
Esophagitis is an? | inflammation of the esophagus. |
Esophagitis is commonly caused by? | GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease. |
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is commonly caused by an incompetent? | cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter. |
The incompetent cardiac sphincter allows stomach contents to? | regurgitate (reflux) up the esophagus. |
Signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include? | 1.Dyspepsia (indigestion) |
Signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include? | 2. Eructation (belching) |
Signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include? | 3. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing. |
Signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include? | 4. Halitosis (bad breath) |
Signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include? | 5. Hematemesis (vomiting blood). |
Signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) include? | 6. Thoracodynia (chest pain). |
The signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) may be exacerbated (made worse) by? | 1. eating |
The signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) may be exacerbated (made worse) by? | 2. Drinking |
The signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) may be exacerbated (made worse) by? | 3. bending over |
The signs and symptoms of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) may be exacerbated (made worse) by? | 4. Lying down |
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is more common with? | obesity and pregnancy. |
Dx (diagnosis) of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) can be confirmed with an? | EGD (esophagogastrodenoscopy. |
Tx (treatment) for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) includes? | 1. Nonirritating diet (bland) |
Tx (treatment) for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) includes? | 2. Antacids (mylanta) |
Tx (treatment) for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) includes? | 3. Antiulcer drugs (Pepcid) |
A HH (Hiatal Hernia)is a? | protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm (primary muscle of ventilation). |
A HH is AKA a? | diaphragmatic hernia. |
Signs and symptoms of a HH (hiatal hernia) include? | 1. Dyspepsia (indigestion) |
Signs and symptoms of a HH (hiatal hernia) include? | 2. Postprandial (after meals) dyspepsia (indigestion). |
Signs and symptoms of a HH (hiatal hernia) include? | 3. SOB (short of breath) |
A hiatal hernia may cause the cardiac sphincter to become incompetent causing? | GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). |
Dx (diagnosis) for a HH (hiatal hernia) is confirmed with a? | CXR (chest x-ray) and UGI (barium swallow) |
Tx (treatment) for a hiatal hernia include? | 1. Avoidance of spicy foods, alcohol (ETOH), and caffeine. |
Signs and symptoms of a HH (hiatal hernia) include? | 2. WT (weight) loss for obese patients. |
Signs and symptoms of a HH (hiatal hernia) include? | 3. Abdominal supports |
Signs and symptoms of a HH (hiatal hernia) include? | 4. Hernioplasty (surgical repair of the hernia). |
Acute gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach frequently accompanied by? | hematemesis (vomiting blood). |
Gastritis is usually caused by irritants such as? | 1. NSAIDS (nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin (ASA) ibuprofen, and naproxen). |
Gastritis is usually caused by irritants such as? | 2. Caffeine. |
Gastritis is usually caused by irritants such as? | 3. Tobacco. |
Gastritis is usually caused by irritants such as? | 4. Spicy food |
Gastritis is usually caused by irritants such as? | 5. Alcohol (ETOH). |
Gastritis is usually caused by irritants such as? | 6. Infection. |
Dx (diagnosis) of gastritis is confirmed with a? | gastroscopy (viewing the stomach with a lighted instrument) and Bx (biopsy). |
Signs and symptoms of gastritis include? | 1. LUQ (left upper quadrant) abdominal pain. |
Signs and symptoms of gastritis include? | 2. Hematemesis (vomiting blood). |
Tx (treatment) for gastritis includes? | 1. Removal of irritants. |
Tx (treatment) for gastritis includes? | 2. Antacids (maalox) |
Tx (treatment) for gastritis includes? | 3. Antiulcer drugs (zantac). |
PUD (peptic ulcer disease) is an ulcer (erosion) of the? | stomach and/or duodenum (first section of the small intestine. |
The primary symptom of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) is? | abdominal pain |
This pain is relieved temporarily by? | antacids (tums) and food. |
Causes of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) include? | 1. poorly controlled stress |
Causes of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) include? | 2. Excessive production of HCl (hydrochloric acids). |
Causes of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) include? | 3. NSAIDS (nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as ASA (aspirin) ibuprofen, and naproxen. |
Causes of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) include? | 4. H. pylori (helicobacter pylori). |
Tx (treatment) of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) includes? | 1. Stress management |
Tx (treatment) of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) includes? | 2. Reduction of irritants |
Tx (treatment) of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) includes? | 3. Antiulcer drugs (Nexium) |
Tx (treatment) of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) includes? | 4. Antacids (gavison) |
Tx (treatment) of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) includes? | 5. Antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin) |
PUD (peptic ulcer disease) is not treated by? | drinking milk. |
A complication associated with PUD (peptic ulcer disease)is? | ulcer perforation (rip or tear) and hemorrhage (rapid flow of blood). |
Signs of perforation include? | 1. Extreme abdominal pain. |
Signs of perforation include? | 2. Hematemesis (vomiting blood. |
Signs of perforation include? | 3. Melena (black, tarry, pungent stools |
Dx (diagnosis) PUD (peptic ulcer disease) can be confirmed with a? | barium swallow (UGI) |
A complication of ulcer perforation is? | peritonitis (inflammation of the abdomen). |
Ulcer perforation requires? | surgery. |
Gastroenteritis is an? | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. |
Causes of gastroenteritis include? | 1. Bacterial infections such as (salmonella, and listeria, escherichia coli (E. coli) |
Causes of gastroenteritis include? | 2. Chemical toxins |
Causes of gastroenteritis include? | 3. Lactose intolerance. |
Causes of gastroenteritis include? | 4. Other food allergies. |
A complication associated with PUD (peptic ulcer disease is? | ulcer perforation (rip or tear) and hemorrhage (rapid flow of blood) |
Signs of perforation include? | 1. Extreme abdominal pain. |
Signs of perforation include? | 2. Hematemesis (vomiting blood) |
Signs of perforation include? | 3. Melena (black tarry, pungent stools). |
Signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis include? | 1. Colicky (spasm-like) dysentery (painful small bowel) |
Signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis include? | 2. N & V (nausea and vomiting). |
Signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis include? | 3. Pyrexia (fever) |
Signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis include? | 4. Diarrhea (loose watery stools) |
Dx (diagnosis) of gastroenteritis is confirmed with a? | stool CX (culture) |
Tx (treatment) of gastroenteritis includes? | 1. IV (intervenous) hydration. |
Tx (treatment) of gastroenteritis includes? | 2. Antibiotics (cipro) |
Tx (treatment) of gastroenteritis includes? | 3. Antimetics (Phaenergan) |
Tx (treatment) of gastroenteritis includes? | 4. Antidiarrheals( Imodium). |
Tx (treatment) of gastroenteritis includes? | 5. GI Antispasmodics (Bentyly) |
Salmonellosis is food poisoning caused by an enterobacteria called? | salmonella. |
Salmonellosis can cause gastroenteritis 6 to 48 hours after? | ingestion of tainted food. |
Dx (diagnosis) of salmonellosis can be confirmed by a? | stool CX (culture) |
Symptoms of salmonellosis can last up to? | 2 weeks. |
The primary complication of salmonellosis is? | dehydration (hypovolemic shock) |
Prevention of salmonellosis includes? | 1. Proper refrigeration of foods. |
Prevention of salmonellosis includes? | 2. Thorough cooking of foods. |
Prevention of salmonellosis includes? | 3. Prevent cross contamination of food. |
Prevention of salmonellosis includes? | 4. Proper frequent hand washing. |
Gastric malignancies are more common in? | men (2 to 1) over age 55. |
Signs and symptoms of a gastric malignancy include? | 1. Anorexia (loss of appetite) |
Signs and symptoms of a gastric malignancy include? | 2. Heartburn |
Signs and symptoms of a gastric malignancy include? | 3. N & V (nausea and vomiting) |
Signs and symptoms of a gastric malignancy include? | 4. PA (pernicious anemia) B12 |
Signs and symptoms of a gastric malignancy include? | 5. Achlorhydria (no hydrocloric acid (HCl) in the stomach) |
Dx (diagnosis) of a gastric malignancy is confirmed with? | gastroscopy (viewing the stomach with a lighted instrument) and a Bx (biopsy). |
Risk of gastric malignancies increases with? | 1. H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) infection of the stomach. |
Risk of gastric malignancies increases with? | 2. The consumption of dried, smoked salted, or preserved foods (especially meats), and a diet deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables. |
Risk of gastric malignancies increases with? | 3. Chronic gastritis (inflammation of the stomach). |
Risk of gastric malignancies increases with? | 4. Family hx (history) of gastric malignancy. |
Tx (treatment) for a gastric malignancy include? | 1. Chemotherapy (antineoplastics). |
Tx (treatment) for a gastric malignancy include? | 2. Radiation therapy. |
Tx (treatment) for a gastric malignancy include? | 3. Surgery. |
Px (prognosis) for a gastric malignancy is good if? | detected before metastasis (spread). |
Appendicitis is an? | inflammation of the appendix. |
Signs and symptoms of appendicitis include? | 1. N & V (nausea and vomiting). |
Signs and symptoms of appendicitis include? | 2. Pyrexia (fever) |
Signs and symptoms of appendicitis include? | 3. Leukocytosis (elevated white count). |
Signs and symptoms of appendicitis include? | 4. Right inguinal (iliac) rebound tenderness. |
Tx (treatment) for appendicitis is an? | appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix). |
Complications of the appendicitis include? | 1. Gangrene (putrefaction (rot) |
Complications of the appendicitis include? | 2. Appendorrhexis (rupture of the appendix). |
Complications of the appendicitis include? | 3. Peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal cavity. |
Malabsorption syndrome is the? | inability to absorb fat from the small intestine (small bowel). |
The inability to absorb fat causes the stool (feces) to become? | 1. Unformed |
The inability to absorb fat causes the stool (feces) to become? | 2. Fatty |
The inability to absorb fat causes the stool (feces) to become? | 3. Pale |
The inability to absorb fat causes the stool (feces) to become? | 4. Pungent (aromatic) |
The inability to absorb fat causes the stool (feces) to become? | 5. Floaters. |
A complications of malabsorption syndrome is? | the inability to absorb the fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K. |
Vitamin K deficiency causes? | bleeding tendencies. |
Tx (treatment) for malabsorption syndrome includes? | injectable vitamin A,D,E, and K supplements. |
Diverticulitis is an inflammation of? | diverticula. |
Diverticula are? | blister-like pouches or sacs that develop in the large intestine (large bowel). |
The primary symptom of diverticulitis is? | LLQ (left lower quadrant) cramp-like abdominal pain. |
A complication of diverticulitis is? | bowel obstruction (ileus) with abscesses (collection of pus) |
Dx (diagnosis) of diverticulosis is confirmed with a? | BE = barium enema (Lower GI) types radiopaque or contrast. |
Tx (treatment) for diverticulitis includes? | 1. Antibiotics (Augmentin) |
Tx (treatment) for diverticulitis includes? | 2. Increase fiber in diet (whole grains,leafy green vegetables and fruit. |
Tx (treatment) for diverticulitis includes? | 3. Decrease gas forming foods. (legumes, beans and peas and cabbage. |
Crohn's Disease (CD) is AKA? | RE (regional enteritis). |
Crohn's Disease (CD) is a? | chronic, idiopathic (possibly autoimmune), IBD (inflammatory bowel disease). |
CD (Crohn's Disease) runs in? | families. |
CD (Crohn's Disease) is usually diagnosed between the ages of? | 20 and 40 |
CD (Crohn's Disease) may be exacerbated (made worse) by? | poorly controlled stress. |
Signs and symptoms of CD (Crohn's Disease) include? | 1. Appendicitis-like pain. |
Signs and symptoms of CD (Crohn's Disease) include? | 2. Alternating bloody diarrhea and constipation. |
Signs and symptoms of CD (Crohn's Disease) include? | 3. Melena (black tarry, pungent stools) |
Signs and symptoms of CD (Crohn's Disease) include? | 4. Anorexia (loss of appetite) |
Signs and symptoms of CD (Crohn's Disease) include? | 5. N & V (nausea and vomiting). |
Signs and symptoms of CD (Crohn's Disease) include? | 6. WT (weight) loss |
Dx of Crohn's Disease (CD) is confirmed with a? | colonoscopy (viewing the colon with a lighted instrument) and Bx (biopsy). |
Periods of exacerbation and remission are common with some cases ending in? | perforation (rip or tear) or ileus (bowel obstruction). |
Tx of Crohn's Disease (CD) includes? | 1. Immunosuppressants (Imuran & Humira) |
Tx of Crohn's Disease (CD) includes? | 2. SAIDS (steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs) prednisone |
Tx of Crohn's Disease (CD) includes? | 3. Antibiotics (ampicillin). |
Tx of Crohn's Disease (CD) includes? | 4. Avoiding trigger foods. |
UC (ulcerative colitis) is an? | idiopathic (possibly autoimmune) IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) usually affecting the colon and rectum). |
UC(ulcerative colitis) increases the risk of? | colon malignancies. |
UC (ulcerative colitis)may be exacerbated by? | poorly controlled stress. |
UC (ulcerative colitis) runs in? | families (10 - 30% ) |
UC (ulcerative colitis) usually occurs in young adults, especially women, and usually begins between ages? | 15 and 20 |
Signs and symptoms of UC (ulcerative colitis) include? | 1. Sudden diarrhea with pus and blood. |
Signs and symptoms of UC (ulcerative colitis) include? | 2. Cramp like pain in the lower abdomen. |
Signs and symptoms of UC (ulcerative colitis) include? | 3. Anemia (erythrocytopenia) and/or deficiency of hemoglobin) from chronic blood loss. |
Dx (diagnosis) of UC (ulcerative colitis) is confirmed with a? | colonoscopy (viewing the colon with a lighted instrument) and BaE (barium enema) |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 1. Lialda. |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 2. Stress management. |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 3. Diet modification (avoiding caffeine, raw vegetables, legumes, whole grains and nuts.) |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 4. Mild sedation (Librum). |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 5. Corticosteroids (hydrocortizone). |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 6. Psychological counseling. |
Treatment for UC (ulcerative colitis) includes? | 7. Colostomy (artifical opening into the colon). |
Most malignancies of the large bowel are found in the? | rectum and sigmoid colon. |
Dx (diagnosis) of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is made with? | 1. DRE (digital rectal examination) |
Dx (diagnosis) of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is made with? | 2. Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy (viewing the sigmoid colon or entire colon with a lighted instrument). |
Dx (diagnosis) of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is made with? | 3. Bx (biopsy) |
Colorectal malignancies detected early respond well to? | surgical treatment. |
Early signs of symptoms of carcinoma of the colon and rectum include? | 1. Change in bowel habits. |
Early signs of symptoms of carcinoma of the colon and rectum include? | 2. Abdominal discomfort |
Early signs of symptoms of carcinoma of the colon and rectum include? | 3. Occult (hidden) blood in stools or melena (black, tarry, pungent stools. |
Early signs of symptoms of carcinoma of the colon and rectum include? | 4. Anemia (a deficiency of erythrocytes and hemoglobin). |
Early detection of colorectal malignancies can occur with? | 1. Regular physical examinations.
2. Regular stool guaiac (hemoccult) tests. |
Risk factors for colorectal malignancies include? | 1. Long-standing UC (ulcerative colitis. |
Risk factors for colorectal malignancies include? | 2. Polyps (premalignant lesions or the colon). |
Risk factors for colorectal malignancies include? | 3. A diet rich in red meat and fat and low in fiber. |
Risk factors for colorectal malignancies include? | 4. Deficient Ca (calcium)in diet (less then 700 mg/day. |
2nd common cause of death from cancer? | Lung cancer is number 1. |
Deaths for colorectal malignancies can be decreased by 90% if? | colonoscopies are routinely performed after age 50 or if there is a previous hx(history) of polyps. |
ACS (American Cancer Society) suggests the following at age 50? | Colonoscopy every 10 years. |
ACS (American Cancer Society) suggests the following at age 50? | Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. |
ACS (American Cancer Society) suggests the following at age 50? | BaE (barium enema) every 5 years. |
ACS (American Cancer Society) suggests the following at age 50? | Virtual colonoscopy every 5 years. |
ACS (American Cancer Society) suggests the following at age 50? | If no access to these tests, Stool guaiac (occult blood test) every year. |
A bowel obstruction is AKA? | ileus. |
An ileus caused by a reduction of peristaltic activity is called a? | paralytic ileus. |
An ileus (bowel obstruction) caused by the bowel twisting on itself is called a? | volvulus (garden hose) |
An ileus caused when the intestine telescopes on itself is called? | intussusception (a sock turned inside out). |
An ileus can also be caused by? | adhesions (tissue sticking together) |
Signs and symptoms of an ileus include? | 1. Severe abdominal pain. |
Signs and symptoms of an ileus include? | 2. Distended abdomen. |
Signs and symptoms of an ileus include? | 3. Vomiting and constipation. (difficult defecation). |
Dx (diagnosis) of an ileus (bowel obstruction) is confirmed with an? | abdominal CT (computerized tomography). |
Tx (treatment) for an ileus usually involves? | laparoscopic (lighted instrument to view the abdomen) bowel resection (excision). |
IBS stands for? | Irritable Bowel Syndrome. |
IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) usually affects women between their? | late teens and early 40s. |
Signs and symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) include? | 1. sudden diarrhea. |
Signs and symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) include? | 2. Constipation. |
Signs and symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) include? | 3. Abdominal pain. |
Signs and symptoms of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) include? | 4. Flatulence (gas expelled through the anus) |
Symptoms of IBS tend to worsen with? | poorly controlled stress. |
The difference between IBS and other intestinal disorders is that? | no lesions are present on examination. |
IBS is a disorder of? | motility (peristalsis) and intestinal wall muscles spasms) (involuntary muscle contractions). |
Tx (treatment) for IBS include? | 1. Increasing fiber in diet. |
Tx (treatment) for IBS include? | 2. Avoiding caffeine, fatty foods, spicy foods, ETOH, citrus, cabbage, and legumes (beans and peas). |
Tx (treatment) for IBS include? | 3. Stress management. |
Tx (treatment) for IBS include? | 4. GI antispasmodics (Bentyl) |
Tx (treatment) for IBS include? | 5. Antidiarrheals (keopectate) |
Tx (treatment) for IBS include? | 6. Sedatives (Xanax). |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 1. Fatigue. |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 2. Anorexia (loss of appetite). |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 3. RUQ (right upper quadrant) abdominal pain. |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 4. Cephalalgia (headache) |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 5. Diarrhea (loose watery stool). |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 6. Darkened urine |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 7. Nausea. |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 8. Pale stools. |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 9. Myalgias (muscle pain). |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 10. Low grade pyrexia (fever). |
Signs and symptoms of the HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)include? | 11. Jaundice (yellow discoloration to the skin and/or scleara. |
Px (prognosis) for the HAV(hepatitis A virus) is good with no permanent? | liver damage and a lasting immunity. |
A vaccine for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is now available for? | immunization against the HAV (hepatitis A virus). |
That HBV (hepatitis B virus) can lead to? | Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. |
Signs and symptoms of the HBV can occur? | 2 to 6 months after exposure. |
Transmission of HBV is the same as the? | HIV (human immunodeficiency virus. |
The HIV and HBV are transmitted? | 1. Parenterally ( needle sticks and certain body fluids), |
The HIV and HBV are transmitted? | 2. Sexually. |
The HIV and HBV are transmitted? | 3. Perinatally (during gestation, parturition, and breast feeding). |
Parenteral transmission usually refers to? | needle sticks and certain body fluids. |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | a. Blood or anything with blood in it. |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | b. Synovial (joint) fluid. |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | c. Pleural (lung) fluid. |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | d. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) during a LP (lumbar puncture) |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | e. Peritoneal (abdominal) fluid. |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | f. Amniotic fluid ("water fluid"). |
Potentially hazardous body fluids include? | g. breast milk. |
Carriers of the HBV can be? | asymptotic (no symptoms) |
Damage from the HBV can cause fulminating hepatitis where the patient can suddenly become? | comatose and die. |
A lasting immunity can be achieved for the HBV by vaccination or? | contracting the disease and recovering completely. |
Some people will not completely recover from the HBV and will be? | carriers of the disease. |
Tx (treatment) for the HBV includes? | antiviral therapy. |
Signs and symptoms of the HCV (hepatitis c virus)are similar to the? | HBV (hepatitis B virus. |
The HCV is? | insidious (slow to appear. |
The incubation period may take up to? | 20 - 30 years to damage the liver significantly. |
70% of the people with the HCV are? | asymptomatic (no symptoms). |
80% of the people with HCV will develop? | cirrhosis (degenerating of liver cells) and/or liver cancer. |
The HCV is the #1 reason for a person to need a? | liver transplant. |
The HCV is transmitted? | 1. Parenterally (needles and body fluid)
2. Sexually
3. Perinatally (not found in breast milk. |
Everyone should be tested for the HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) who received a blood transfusion before? | July 1992 |
Tx (treatment) for the HCV includes? | 1. antiviral therapy
2. Liver transplant. |
Cirrhosis is a? | chronic degeneration of the liver. |
Cirrhosis can be caused by? | 1. Alcohol (ETOH)
2. HBV (hepatitis B virus) or HCV (hepatitis C virus)
3. Drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and antihyperlipidemics. |
Dx (diagnosis) of cirrhosis is confirmed with a? | liver Bx (biopsy) |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 1. Tremors (shakiness) |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 2. Somnolence (excessive sleepiness. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 3. Mental confusion. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 4. Gynecomastia (breast development in men. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 5. loss of chest hair |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 6. Testicular atrophy |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 7. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 8. Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and "hobnailed liver" |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 9. Dilated abdominal veins. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 10. Tendency to hemorrhage. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 11. Pedal (ankles and feet) edema. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 12. Esophageal varices (swollen veins) |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 13. Jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin and/or sclera). |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 14. Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. |
Signs and symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include? | 15. Hepatic coma (unconscious with no response to stimuli) |
Dx (diagnosis) of a cirrhosis is confirmed with? | LFTs (liver function test) and liver Bx (biopsy) |
LFTs (liver function tests) include? | 1. SGOT (AST).
2. SGPT (ALT).
3. Alkaline phosphatase (Alk. Phos. or ALP).
4. LDH (LD)
5. Bilirubin. |
Hepatic malignancies are usually secondary tumors that? | metastasize (spreads) from the colon,rectum,stomach,pancreas,esophagus,lung, and breast. |
Hepatocarcinoma is a primary malignancy commonly associated with? | alcohol, HBV, and HCV |
Signs and symptoms of a liver malignancy include? | weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal mass, and pain. |
Dx of a liver malignancy is confirmed with an? | AFP (alphafetoprotein) and liver Bx. |
The Px for a liver malignancy is? | poor. |
Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the? | gall bladder. |
Cholecystitis is commonly caused by an obstruction due to? | cholelithiasis (gall stones) AKA biliary calculi. |
The biliary obstruction can lead to? | liver damage. |
Increased incidence of cholelithiasis includes? | 1. Postpartum (after birth)women. |
Increased incidence of cholelithiasis includes? | 2. Use of BCPs (birth control pills) |
Increased incidence of cholelithiasis includes? | 3. DM (diabetes mellitus). |
Increased incidence of cholelithiasis includes? | 4. Cirrhosis (degenerating of liver cells). |
Increased incidence of cholelithiasis includes? | 5. Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas. |
Signs and symptoms of cholelithiasis include? | 1.Right rib cage pain radiating to the right shoulder, especially after eating a meal rich in fat. |
Signs and symptoms of cholelithiasis include? | 2. Chills |
Signs and symptoms of cholelithiasis include? | 3. Pyrexia (fever) |
Signs and symptoms of cholelithiasis include? | 4. N + V (nausea and vomiting) |
Signs and symptoms of cholelithiasis include? | 5. Jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the skin and/or sclera. |
Dx of cholelithiasis is confirmed with? | 1. GB (gall bladder) ultrasound |
Dx of cholelithiasis is confirmed with? | 2. HIDA (hepatobiliary Imino Diacetic Acid. |
Dx of cholelithiasis is confirmed with? | 3. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography). |
Dx of cholelithiasis is confirmed with? | 4. EUS (endoscopic ultrasound) |
Dx of cholelithiasis is confirmed with? | 5. MRC (magnetic resonance cholangiogram. |
Tx for cholelithiasis includes.? | 1. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (excision of the gall bladder). |
Tx for cholelithiasis includes.? | 2. Laparoscopic cholelithectomy (excision of gall stones) if stones are present in the common bile duct. |
Pancreatitis is an? | inflammation of the pancreas. |
Pancreatitis is commonly associated with alcoholism in men and? | GB (gall bladder) disease in women. |
Pancreatitis can cause pancreatic? | enzymes to activate prematurely. |
These activated pancreatic enzymes will start to? | digest (dissolve) the pancreas. |
Tx for cholelithiasis includes.? | 1. Trypsin. |
Tx for cholelithiasis includes.? | 2. Chymotrypsin. |
Tx for cholelithiasis includes.? | 3. Lipase |
Tx for cholelithiasis includes.? | 4. Amylase. |
High levels of these pancreatic enzymes will confirm the diagnosis of pancreatitis especially the enzyme? | amylase. |
Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include? | 1. Severe abdominal pain. |
Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include? | 2. N+V (nausea and vomiting) |
Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include? | 3. Jaundice. |
Pancreatitis can result in? | death. |
Risk factors for pancreatic malignancy include? | 1. Male gender. |
Risk factors for pancreatic malignancy include? | 2. Smoking. |
Risk factors for pancreatic malignancy include? | 3. High protein and high fat diets. |
Risk factors for pancreatic malignancy include? | 4. Alcohol (ETOH) |
Risk factors for pancreatic malignancy include? | 5. DM (diabetes mellitus). |
Signs and symptoms of a pancreatic malignancy include? | 1. Severe abdominal pain. |
Signs and symptoms of a pancreatic malignancy include? | 2. Anorexia (loss of appetite). |
Signs and symptoms of a pancreatic malignancy include? | 3. WT (weight) loss. |
Signs and symptoms of a pancreatic malignancy include? | 4. Clay-colored stools. |
Signs and symptoms of a pancreatic malignancy include? | Jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the skin and/or sclera). |
Dx of a pancreatic malignancy is confirmed with a? | CT (computerized tomography |
Dx of a pancreatic malignancy is confirmed with a? | MRI (magnetic resonance imaging |
Dx of a pancreatic malignancy is confirmed with a? | PET (positron emission tomography. |
Dx of a pancreatic malignancy is confirmed with a? | Bx (biopsy). |
The Px for a pancreatic malignancy is? | very poor. |