Question | Answer |
The first motor neuron in an autonomic pathway is called | preganglionic neuron |
The part of the nervous system that regulates smooth muscle is the | autonomic nervous system |
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also referred to as the | thoracolumbar division |
Sympathetic fibers | originate in the spinal cord |
The ____ nervous system only contains all sensory neurons and all voluntary motor neurons | somatic |
In the autonomic nervous system there are __ neurons between the CNS and the visceral effector | 2 |
the preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system release | acethylcholine |
Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS synapse with the | terminal ganglia |
Sympathetic postgangionic neurons release | norepinephrine |
The neurotransmitter of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division is | norepinephrine |
The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division is | acetylcholine |
Impulses for one division of the ANS stimulates an organ's activity while the other division inhibits the organ's activity. This is called | dual innervation |
The sympathetic division of the ANS | increases the activities of the heart |
Somatic motor neurons | release acetylcholine |
The autonomic nervous system | operates without conscious control |
The portion of the nervous system regulating smooth muscle activity is the | autonomic nervous system |
The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by the | hypothalamus |
Responsible for skeletal muscle activity | somatic nervous system |
The divisions of the autonomic nervous system are called | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
The somatic and autonomic nervous system make up the __ nervous system | peripheral |
A sympathetic response | a breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue |
The ganglia which lie on either side of the backbone are the | sympathetic trunk ganglia |
Insulin secretion is promoted by the activity of the | parasympathetic nervous system |
The adrenal glands produce epinephrine and norepinephrine to intensify and prolong __effects | sympathetic |
Acetylcholine is inactivated by | acetylcholinesterase |
The acronym "SLUDD" deals with | paradoxical fear and parasympathetic tone |
Excessive contraction of arterioles within the fingers and toes due to prolonged sympathetic stimulation can be | Raynaud's disease |
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases | heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil size, and air pathway diameter |
The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the eye is to | constrict the pupil |
Mind body exercise refers to | tai chi, martial arts, Hatha yoga, internal directed focus |
The most important thing in mind body exercise is | openness to physical and emotional sensaations |
Autonomic literally means | self law |
Homer's Syndrome is | caused by a loss of sympathetic control to one side |
An abnormally large colon caused by improperly developed parasympathetic neurons is called a | megacolon |
The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system are the __ and __ divisions | sympathetic; parasympathetic |
Autonomic fibers can also be called | visceral motor fibers |
The sympathetic division is also called __ division | thoracolumbar |
The celiac ganglion is a __ ganglion | sympathetic |
The part of the nervous system that regulates smooth and cardiac muscle is the __ nervous system | autonomic |
Cholinergic fibers, like the preganglionic fibers, release __ | acetylcholine |
The enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine is __ | acetylcholinesterase |
Synapses between autonomic neurons and their effectors are called __ junctions | neuroeffector |
The dilation of bronchioles is due to __ activity | sympathetic |
The somatic nervous system is under __ control | voluntary |
The neurotransmitter is all preganglionic fibers is __ | acetylcholine |
The neurotransmitter of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers is __ | norepinephrine |
The __ division of the ANS stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion | sympathetic |
The __ division of the ANS inhibits digestion | sympathetic |
All the axons of the ANS are __ fibers | motor |
Organs that receive impulses from both divisions of the ANS have __ | dual innervation |
Synapses of visceral motor fibers occur in __ | autonomic ganglia |
Long preganglionic fibers belong to the __ division | parasympathetic |
Parasympathetic impulses __ the rate of the heartbeat | decrease |
During extreme stress the __ division dominates the __ division | sympathetic; parasympathetic |
The division that conserves and restores the body's energy is the __ division | parasympathetic |
The acronym helpful in remembering five responses that occur when parasympathetic tone rises is "__" | SLUDD |
The autonomic nervous system does the following | regulates the size of the pupils, consists of two subdivisions, regulates visceral activities, and is an involuntary system |
Autonomic ganglia includes | sympathetic trunk ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, and terminal ganglia |
Control of the autonomic nervous system is done by the | cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, brain stem, and hypothalamus |
Visceral effectors include | cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and grandular epithelium |
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | use acetylocholine as the first neurotransmitter |
Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division | are myelinated, leave the spinal cord through the anterior root, synapse with many postganglionic cell bodies, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter |
Sympathetic nervous system | has sympathetic trunk ganglia, speeds up the heart and respiratory rates, and uses epinephrine as a neurotransmitter |
Fight-or-flight responses include | increase of heart rate, increase in blood pressure, dilation of the bronchioles, and decrease of digestive secretions |
Effects of the parasympathetic division include | conserving and restoring of body energy, promoting digestion, and increase in bile secretion |
The simplest sensory receptors are | free nerve endings |
A decrease sensitivity that occurs when a stimulus is continuously applied to sensory receptors is called | adaptation |
The group of somatic senses include | touch, temperature, and pressure receptors, and proprioceptors |
Somatic sensations include | touch, pressure, temperature, and vibration |
Mechanoreceptors include | hair root plexuses, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and organs of Ruffini |
Touch receptors are classified as | mechanoreceptors |
The sense that falls under the category of complex receptors | taste |
True or False: The hypothalamus receives input from areas of the nervous system concerned with emotions | TRUE |
T/F The autonomic nervous system innervates the skeletal muscles | FALSE - the somatic nervous system |
T/F The parasympathetic division of the ANS originates in the brain and the spinal cord | TRUE |
T/F The sympathetic division is involved with energy expenditure | TRUE |
T/F Fear stimulates the parasympathetic division of the ANS | FALSE - sympathetic division |
T/F The dilation of pupils is an autonomic response | TRUE |
T/F All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic | TRUE |
T/F Terminal ganglia are sympathetic ganglia | FALSE - parasympathetic |
T/F Parasympathetic ganglia are near or within visceral effectors | TRUE |
T/F Parasympathetic stimulation increases sweat secretion | FALSE - generally decreases, but really has no effect |
T/F The parasympathetic nervous only originates from the cranial nerves | FALSE - AKA crainosacral - originates from both the cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments |
T/F The parasympathetic nervous system has long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons | TRUE |
T/F Because of its connection to "flight or fight," increased sympathetic stimulation is connected to stress responses | TRUE |
T/F The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body or the "fight-or-flight" response | FALSE - sympathetic |
T/F Pre- and postganglionic fibers are present in the somatic nervous system | FALSE - autonomic |
T/F Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have neurons leading to to the effectors which use two different neurotransmitters | FALSE - they all release acetylcholine and sympathetic post release norepinephrine |
T/F The effects of adrenal medulla are linked to the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system | FALSE - sympathetic |
T/F Horner's syndrome causes a megacolon | FALSE - just doesn't happen - Horners is a sympathetic and megacolon is a parasympathetic |
T/F Learning relaxation and stress reduction skills can reduce the harmful effects of stress on the body | TRUE |
T/F The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relaxes the ciliary muscle of the eye to allow for far vision | TRUE |
T/F Autonomic dysreflexia is related to spinal cord injury and the sympathetic nervous system | TRUE |
T/F Instead of exercise to tone up muscle or hearts, some people use mind body exercise to tone up their parasympathetic nervous system | TRUE |
Neurotransmitters of ANS | releases both acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
Decreases heart rate | parasympathetic |
Increase digestion | parasympathetic |
Stimulates renin secretion | sympathetic |
dilation of pupils | sympathetic |
stimulates salivary gland secretion | parasympathetic |
inhibits gastric gland secretion | sympathetic |
increase respiratory rate | sympathetic |
erection of hairs | sympathetic |
promotes gastric gland secretion | parasympathetic |
constricts pupils | parasympathetic |
pressure receptors, which are located around joints, tendons, and muscles are | Pacinian corpuscles |
the sensation of itch results from the stimulation of | free nerve endings |
a kind of pain often experienced by people suffering a heart attack is called | referred pain |
the sense of muscle activity is called | proprioception |
muscle spindles are examples of | proprioceptors |
olfactory receptors | adapt, have knob-shaped dendrites, located in the nasal cavity, and are stimulated by gaseous particles |
areas of the brain involved in olfaction | temporal lobe, hypothalamus, and limbic system |
taste receptors are called | gustatory receptors |
the region that is most sensitive to bitter taste is the | back of the tounge |
the cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway are the | facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus |
the immediate structure leading tears away from the lacrimal glands is/are the | lacrimal ducts |
the bactericidal enzymes present in tears are | lysozyme |
the "white" of the eye is called | sclera |
the muscle responsible for the change of the shape of the lens is the | ciliary muscle |
the __ belongs to the vascular tunic of the eye | iris |
the layer that contains photoreceptors is the | retina |
the area concerning the highest concentration of cones is the | central fovea |
the clear jellylike substance behind the lens of the eye is the | vitreous humor |
the bending of light that happens at the cornea and lens is | refraction |
the inability to clearly see near objects is called | hypermetropia |
the "canal of Schlemm" is another term for the | scleral venous sinus |
the photopigment in rods is | rhodopsin |
forms the optic nerve | ganglion cells |
the external ear has | auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and ceruminous glands |
the middle ear has | ossicles |
the middle party of the bony labrynith is the | vestibule |
located between the cochlear duct and the scala vestibuli is the | vestibular membrane |
the center of the eardrum is connected to the | malleus |
the receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlea |
the senses for dynamic equilibrium are located in the | semicircular ducts |
the abnormally high intraocular pressure is referred to as | glaucoma |
the most common cause of blindness in the United States is | glaucoma |
"pinkeye" is the common term for | conjunctivitis |
if you enter a room and smell a strong odor, which seems to soon fade away, you have experienced | sensory adaptation |
when you sniff to help you detect or identify odors, you are | forcing air to the top of the nasal cavity where the chemoreceptors are located |
the sense of balance that tell you "where your head is at" when you are not moving is called __ equilibrium and is a function of the __ in the inner ear | static & utricle and saccule |
the function of the extrinsic eye muscles | are to roll eyes after taking a particularly awful test |
abnormal in someone who is unable to see in low light (night blind) | rods |
the ossicles of the ear are responsible for | sound conduction and amplification |
accommodation involves change the shape of the | lens |
changes vibrations to nerve impulses | cochlea and Organ of Corti |
referred pain occurs because of | shared pathways between visceral organs and body surfaces |
Uses mechanoreceptors | hearing, touch, pressure, and proprioceptors |
pain that persist for at least two months without responding to appropriate treatment is | chronic pain |
relaxation and meditation are used to control pain because | it distracts the patient, decreases anxiety, persons gain a sense of personal control, and certain thoughts and situations can reduce pain |
a ringing in the ears is scientifically referred to as | tinnitus |
the greatest single cause of blindness in the world is | trachoma |
T/F Muscle spindles are found at the junction of a tendon with a muscle | FALSE - in the length of the muscle |
T/F Equilibrium is classified as a special sense | TRUE |
T/F Tactile receptor consist of the axons of sensory neurons | FALSE - free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors |
T/F Type I touch are very quick to adapt to a touch sensation | FALSE - slow to adapt |
T/F Themoreceptors are free nerve endings | TRUE |
T/F Pain is essential because it protects us from greater damage | TRUE |
T/F The highest concentration of taste buds is found in filiform papillae | FALSE - filiform papillae has no tastebuds |
T/F The adult eyeball measures about 3.5 cm in diameter | FALSE - 2.5 cm |
T/F The middle layer of the eyeball is the vascular tunic | TRUE |
T/F Cones are specialized for color vision | TRUE |
T/F Night blindness is most often caused by a vitamin C deficiency | FALSE - vitamin A |
T/F Some fibers of the optic nerve cross in the optic tract | FALSE - optic chiasm |
T/F The middle ear is a small air-filled cavity between the eardrum and the internal ear | TRUE |
T/F The walls of the utricle contain a small, flat region called macula | TRUE |
T/F Almost any excessive sensation such as loud noise, can cause the sensation of pain. | TRUE |
T/F Sensation of senses actually occurs in the brain. In other words, perception occurs when the brain interprets what the electrical impulse from the receptor is trying to tell it | TRUE |
T/F Sound is conducted through air, bone and fluid before it is changed to electrical impulses in the inner ear. | TRUE |
T/F The middle tunic of the eye consists of the choroids coat, cornea, lens and ciliary body | FALSE - does not have the cornea which is located in the fibrous tunic |
T/F When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens flattens for far vision | FALSE - muscle relaxes |
T/F The muscles of the iris and ciliary muscle are considered to be extrinsic eye muscles because they are voluntary | FALSE - intrinsic |
T/F People with chronic pain tend to avoid movement and exercise | TRUE |
T/F Pain is now considered to have both a physical and psychological factors | TRUE |
T/F A loss of transparency of the lens is known as cataracts | TRUE |
T/F A total lack of the sense of smell is called anosmia | TRUE |
T/F Conduction deafness is caused by damage to chochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve | FALSE - sensorineural |
a __ must convert a stimulus to an electrical signal | sensory receptor |
the small area of the retina, which does not contain photoreceptors but the optic nerve, is the | optic disc |
receptors that detect pressure or stretching are collectively called | mechanoreceptors |
the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal conditions of the body is a(n) | sensation |
conscious sensations are integrated in the | cerebral cortex |
the ability to recognize which point of the body is touched is referred to as a | tactile sensation |
receptors for pain are called | nociceptors |
receptors for taste are called __ receptors. | gustatory |
the __ gland produces tears | lacrimal |
the colored portion of the eyeball is the | iris |
a loss of transparency of the lens is known as | cataract |
the ability of the lens to change its curvature is called | accommodation |
images that focus upside down on the retina are called __ images | inverted |
the receptors for color vision and bright light are | conese |
glands produce earwax | ceruminous |
the bony labyrinth contains fluid called the | perilymph |
the organ of hearing is the | Organ of Corti (spiral organ) |
the balance and posture of the body without movement of the head is called | static equilibrium |
an inflammation of the conjunctiva is called | conjunctivitis |
the opening of a taste bud is the | taste pore |
the hole in the center of the iris is the | pupil |
the pressure in the eye that is mainly produced by the aqueous humor is the | intraocular pressure |
the thin membrane between the external auditory canal and the ossicles is the | tympanic membrane |
the greater the frequency of sound the higher the | pitch |
a type of receptor that provides information about the mechanical energy is called a(n) | mechanoreceptor |
acute bacterial infection of the middle ear | otitis media |
disorder brought on by motion | motion sickness |
inflammation of the eyelid | blepharitis |
inflammation of the auditory tube | eustachitis |
inflammation of the inner ear | labyrinthitis |
rapid involuntary movement of the eyeballs | mystagmus |
dilated pupil | mydriasis |
ringing in the ears | tinnitus |
change in the environment capable of activating sensory neurons | stimulus |
receptors of pain | nociceptors |
pain in the skin overlying the stimulated organ | referred pain |
lining of the eyelid | conjunctiva |
responsible for night vision | rods |
responsible for dynamic equilibrium | semicircular ducts |
corpuscles of touch | Meissner's corpuscles |
help induce inflammation | prostaglandins |
controls general body growth and metabolism | hGH |
stimulates the adrenal cortex | ACTH |
stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles | FSH |
initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands | prolactin |
decreases urine volume | ADH |
contains iodine | thyroid hormone |
are anti-inflammatory compounds | glucocorticoids |
secreted by alpha cells | glucagon |
secreted by the pineal gland | melatonin |
the adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal medulla and the | adrenal cortex |
thyroid hormones regulate growth and development, the activity of the nervous system, and | metabolism |
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are produced in cells of the | hypothalamus |
hormones that influence other endocrine glands are called __ hormones | tropic |
enlarged thyroid gland is called | goiter |
oversecretion of hGH during childhood results in | giantism |
the conversion of glucose into glycogen is accelerated by | insulin |
the endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called | Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) |
mineralcorticoids are produced in the | adrenal cortex |
the two principal hormones of the adrenal medulla are __ and __ | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
the class of adrenal cortex hormones that deals with metabolism and resistance to stress are | glucocorticoids |
The __ glands are found in the thyroid gland | parathyroid |
he inhibition of bone breakdown is the function of | calcitonin |
the receptors in the hypothalamus that detect low water concentration in the blood are | osmoreceptors |
the release of milk by the mammary glands depends on the hormone | ocytocin |
the formation of corpus luteum is stimulated by | luteinizing hormone (LH) |
the production and secretion of thyroid hormone is stimulated by | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
hormones that can enter the plasma membrane without a receptor are __ hormones | lipid-soluble |
calcitriol is a hormone of the | kidneys |
the production of oocytes by the ovaries is stimulated by | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
the hypothalamus controls the activity of the anterior pituitary by way of | releasing and inhibiting hormones |
hormones pass from secretory cells into the __ fluid and then into the blood and are called circulating hormones | interstitial |
the endocrine system releases messenger molecules called | hormones |
the science concerned with the endocrine system is called | endocrinology |
T/F Benign tumors of the adrenal medulla are called pheochromocytomas | TRUE |
T/F Ovaries decrease in size with age and are less responsive to gonadotropins which causes a decrease in estrogen leading to increased susceptibility to osteoporosis. | TRUE |
T/F The pancreas releases insulin more quickly as a person ages and so blood glucose levels rise more slowly in the elderly | FALSE - releases more slowly; blood glucose levels rise faster |
T/F If the resistance stage of the stress response fails to combat the stressor exhaustion may ensue | TRUE |
T/F The thymus gland is largest in infancy and is replaced by adipose and connective tissue and the person ages | TRUE |
T/F Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called a stressor | TRUE |
T/F Steroid hormones act by binding to a protein receptor on the cell membrane of their target cell | FALSE - water-soluble hormones |
T/F A player in the NBA would benefit from an injection of GH | FALSE - they have too much hGH; short person needs hGH |
T/F The hypothalamus controls secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland by nervous impulses | FALSE - by neurosecretory cells |
T/F Androgens are hormones secreted by the male endocrine system only | FALSE - in both males and females |
T/F The renin-angiotensin pathway is involved in the control of aldosterone secretion | TRUE |
T/F Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland | FALSE - produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
T/F Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion resulting in an increased urine output | TRUE |
T/F Vasopressin is another name for antidiuretic hormone | TRUE |
T/F FSH stimulates the testis to produce testosterone | FALSE - LH; FSH is sperm production |
T/F Hormones of the hypothalamus control the release of human growth hormone from the anterior pituitary | TRUE |
T/F Prolactin is a hormone involved in the initiation of milk production in the mammary glands | TRUE |
T/F Some glands produce hormones in response to a signal from the autonomic nervous system | TRUE |
T/F Cells of the posterior pituitary produce vasopressin | FALSE - posterior pituitary only stores and releases |
T/F Hormone secretion is primarily regulated by negative feedback mechanisms | TRUE |
T/F Most peptide and protein hormones diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer to get into a target cell | FALSE - peptide and protein hormones are water-soluble which attaches to receptors on the cell membrane |
T/F Steroid hormones are derivatives of cholesterol | TRUE |
T/F Hormones do not regulate the activity of the immune system | FALSE - regulates some immune system activities |
T/F The nervous system and the endocrine system regulate homeostasis | TRUE |
a cluster of disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and abdominal fat is called: | metabolic syndrome |
abdominal fat is riskier that other adipose tissue because: | fat cells in abdominal regions are more metabolically active and responsive to hormones |
condition in which insulin receptors do not respond to properly to insulin is called: | insulin resistance |
as we age the following occurs | some endocrine glands shrink, production of human growth hormone decreases, muscles atrophy, and body fat increases |
the hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullae all initiate __ in response to stress: | fight or flight response |
under normal circumstances, individuals do not produce too much thyroxine because | it is under negative feedback control |
an adult who over secretes GH doesn’t get taller. Why not? | epiphyseal plates are closed in adults |
insulin is secreted by the pancreas after a meal in order to | decrease the concentration of blood glucose |
glucagon is produced in the __ cells of the __ | alpha, pancreas |
which hormone stimulates cells to grow and divide? | growth hormone |
the activities of the adrenal cortex are controlled by | ACTH |
hormone secretion is controlled by | nerve impulses, circulating chemicals, releasing hormones, and inhibiting hormones |
cells that respond to a particular hormone are called | target cells |
a decline in the number of pancreatic beta cells is characteristic for | type I diabetes |
Cushing's syndrome is due to an oversecretion of | glucocorticoids |
insufficient ADH release causes | diabetes insipidus |
oversecretion of hGH during childhood is called | giantism |
the second stage of the stress response is | the resistance reaction |
prostaglandins | act as local hormones, help induce inflammation, and are important in fat metabolism |
melatonin is a hormone of the | pineal gland |
FSH secretion is inhibited by | inhibin |
the development and maintenance of the female sex characteristics is the responsibility of | progesterone and estrogen |
glucagon | accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose |
insulin is secreted by | beta cells |
the gland which can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland is the | pancreas |
hormones responsible for the fight-or-flight response | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
the endocrine gland that is directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system | adrenal medulla |
glucocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the | adrenal gland |
mineralcorticoids | are produced in the adrenal cortex, steroid hormones, and help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium |
the hormone that inhibits the action of osteoclasts is | calcitonin |
the hormone released in response to low blood calcium levels is | parathyroid hormone |
Cells that produces thyroxine | follicular cells |
calcitonin is a hormone of the | thyroid gland |
the hormone that controls the production and release of glucocorticoids | ACTH |
the hormone which is released in large quantities just before childbirth is | oxytocin |
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the | hypothalamus |
the hormones that neurosecretory cells produce | antidiuretic hormone |
the hormones released in response to releasing hormones | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin |
insulinlike growth factor is released in response to | human growth hormone (hGH) |
hormones that are released in response to hypoglycemia | GH |
hormone which effects skin pigmentation is | MSH |
hormones of the anterior pituitary | hGH, FSH, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
hormones is released in response to a nerve impulse | epinephrine |
hormones that stimulates testosterone production by the testis | LH |
pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the | infundibulum |
hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is | oxytocin |
hormones regulating blood calcium levels are | PTH and calcitonin |
hormones that bind to receptors within the target cells are | lipid soluble |
second messenger in the action of many water-soluble hormones such as peptides is | cAMP |
organs that contain hormone producing cells | stomach, liver, and skin |
endocrine glands include | adrenal, parathyroid, pineal, and pituitary |
systems that work closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body’s functions | nervous system |
contain hemoglobin | erythrocytes |
release lysozyme | neutrophils |
produce antibodies | lymphocytes |
become wandering macrophages | monocytes |
release histaminase | eosinophils |
present in high numbers during parasitic infection | eosinophils |
known as mast cells | basophils |
caused by inadequate absorption or excessive loss of iron | Iron-deficiency anemia |
due to an insufficient production of erythrocytes | Pernicious anemia |
an excessive loss of erythrocytes through bleeding | Hemolytic anemia |
characterized by distortion in the shape of erythrocytes | Hemolytic anemia |
a result of the destruction or inhibition of red bond marrow | Aplastic anemia |
due to the production of abnormal hemoglobin | Sickle-cell anemia |
T/F Regular physical activity decreases plasma volume thus increasing clotting abilities when injured | FALSE - increases volume |
collective erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called the __ elements of blood | formed |
the branch of science concerned with the study of blood is called | hematology |
the three functions of blood are transportation, regulation, and | protection |
blood belongs to __ tissue | connective |
another name for globulins is | antibodies |
the process of blood cell formation is called | hemopoiesis |
the pigment that carries oxygen in red blood cells is | hemoglobin |
the protein portion of hemoglobin is | globin |
erythrocyte formation is called | erythropoisis |
surface proteins on nucleated cells that can be used to identify tissues for transplantation are | major histocompatibility antigens |
the function of platelets is | blood clotting |
when platelets accumulate and attach to each other they form a mass called the | platelet plug |
breaking of blood clot is called | fibrinolysis |
the surface of red blood cells contains antigens called | antigens or agglutinogens |
individuals with type A blood have __ antibodies in the plasma | B |
the Rh system of blood classification was first discovered in the blood of the | Rhesus monkey |
the hemolysis caused by fetal-maternal incompatibility is called | erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn |
a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood is reduced is called | anemia |
bleeding, either internal or external is referred to as | hemorrhage |
septicemia is the medical term for | blood poisoning |
the release of hemoglobin into the blood as a result of red blood cell rupture is called | hemolysis |
during blood clotting prothrombin is converted into the enzyme | thrombin |
plasma minus the clotting proteins is called | serum |
functions of the blood | transportation, regulation, and protection |
the blood volume of an averaged sized male is | 5 to 6 liters |
the pH range for blood is | 7.35 – 7.45 |
the thin layer of white blood cells in centrifuged blood is called | buffy coat |
most of the plasma proteins are | albumins |
belongs to agranular leukocytes | monocyte |
cells that do NOT have a nucleus | erythrocytes |
the life span of red blood cells is | 120 days |
the pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is | hemoglobin |
worn-out red blood cells are phagocytized in the | liver, spleen, and red bone marrow |
components of hemoglobin that can be reused by other cells for protein synthesis | globin |
cellular oxygen deficiency is called | hypoxia |
the first phagocytotic cells at the site of a bacterial invasion are | neutrophils |
an allergic condition or a parasite infection is often manifested in a high count of | eosinophils |
blood cells that can develop into "wandering macrophages | monocytes |
an increase in the number of white blood cells is called | leukocytosis |
abnormally low levels of white blood cells which may be caused by radiation is called | leukopenia |
how many platelets should appear in each μL of blood | 150,000-400,000 |
the sequences that describes the steps in the formation of a platelet plug | platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation |
the process of clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called | thrombosis |
stoppage of bleeding is called | homeostasis |
the threads of a blood clot are formed by | fibrin |
involved in blood clotting | thrombin, calcium, fibrin, and prothrombinase |
heredity deficiencies of coagulation is referred to as | hemophilia |
the enzyme responsible for breaking up a blood clot is | plasmin |
the anticoagulant produced by mast cells is | heparin |
a blood clot transported by the blood stream is a(n) | embolus |
a person with blood type A has | A antigens on the red blood cells |
an individual with which ABO blood type can theoretically donate blood to recipients of all ABO types | type O |
the damage to red blood cells due to incompatible blood transfusion is called | hemolysis |
small inappropriate blood clots inside of a blood vessel are dissolved in a process called | fibrinolysis |
insufficient production of erythrocytes due to lack of vitamin B12 is the cause for | pericious anemia |
the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule is | heme |
the hormone released by the kidney and is stimulating RBC production is | erythropoietin |
the ion, which is essential in the blood-clotting mechanism, is | calcium |
the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called the | hematocrit |
anemia may be caused by | bleeding, lack of sufficient nutrients in the diet, and breakdown of RBC’s prematurely |
contains hemoglobin | erythrocytes |
Dracula has the B agglutinin but not the A antigen, what blood type does he have | O |
any decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity whether caused by nutrition, bleeding or high altitude is called | anemia |
the most abundant blood cell in the body is the | erythrocytes |
an abnormal increase in the number of red cells is called | polycemia |
Sickle Cell Disease is | an abnormal hemoglobin causing the RBC to bend |
induced polycythemia is | done by athletes to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, achieved by injecting Epoetin alfa, dangerous and increases blood pressure, and a cause of death from heart attacks or strokes |
bone marrow transplants can be used to treat | aplastic anemia – caused by abnormal RBM, Hodgkin’s disease, thalassemia, and sickle cell disesase |
the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is named because | damaged tissues release a protein into the blood from outside the blood vessels |
T/F All blood cells originate from pluripotent stem cells | TRUE |
T/F The kidney excretes bilirubin | FALSE – the liver |
T/F Neonatal anemia disappears as the kidney matures | TRUE |
T/F Leukocytes can be divided into three major groups | FALSE – two major groups: granular or agranular |
T/F Lymphocytes are the largest leukocytes | FALSE - monocyte |
T/F Monocytes that migrate to infected tissues are called wandering macrophages | TRUE |
T/F Inflammation causes an increase in the hematocrit | FALSE – white blood cells |
T/F Neutrophils are granulocytes | TRUE |
T/F Plasma proteins are confined to blood | TRUE |
T/F The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is more complex than the intrinsic pathway | FALSE – the intrinsic is more complex |
T/F The breaking up of a blood clot is called clot retraction | FALSE – fibrinolysis |
T/F Blood clotting always results in the formation of embolus | FALSE – can be thromosis |
T/F Heparin is produced by mast cells | TRUE |
T/F A blood clot that is transported by the blood stream is called a thrombus | FALSE - embolus |
T/F Agglutinins are also called antibodies | TRUE |
T/F Cyanosis is caused by too many leukocytes in the blood | FALSE – prolonged hypoxia – deficiency of oxygen |
T/F The production of red blood cells is closely linked to the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. If this is low, the red bone marrow makes a hormone called erythroheparin to increase the number of RBC’s | FALSE – oxygen carrying capacity |
T/F Pluripotentent stem cells are special cells in the red bone marrow, which have the potential to become any of the seven formed elements | TRUE |
T/F Being type AB means you either have the A or B antigens but not both | FALSE – AB will have both |
T/F Plasma constitutes about 55% on the blood volume | TRUE |
T/F Mature erythrocytes can reproduce | FALSE – cannot reproduce b/c of lack of nucleus |
T/F In a bone marrow transport it is necessary to inject the new bone marrow into the bone | FALSE – injected into the vein like blood |
T/F At low doses, aspirin enhances vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation | FALSE - inhibits |
T/F In practice, the use of the terms universal recipient and universal donor in blood typing is misleading and dangerous | TRUE |
T/F Smoking increases blood fibrinogen levels which leads to an increased clotting risk | TRUE |
the outer portion of the pericardium is the | fibrous pericardium |
the layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the myocardium is called | endocardium |
cardiac muscle fibers are connected with each other by | intercalated discs |
the portion of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle tissue is the | myocardium |
portion of the heart has the thickest myocardium | left ventricle |
blood transported by the pulmonary veins returns to the | left atrium |
the muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right wall because it | pumps the blood to the entire body |
the left ventricle pumps the blood into the | ascending aorta |
blood vessel that delivers blood to the right atrium | vena cava |
the blood vessel that carries blood highest in oxygen is the | pulmonary vein |
the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the | bicuspid valve |
the valve between the left ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the left ventricle is the | aortic semilunar valve |
the blood vessel that collects deoxygenated blood of the coronary circulation and empties into the right atrium is the | coronary sinus |
death of an area of cardiac tissue due to an interrupted blood supply is called | myocardial infarction |
the blood supply to the myocardial wall of the heart is supplied by the | coronary arteries |
the normal pacemaker of the heart is/are the | sinoatrial node |
the sequence of structures in the cardiac conduction system | SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers |
the P wave of an ECG indicates | atrial depolarization |
atrial repolarization | cannot be seen on the ECG because occurs during the ventricular repolarization |
the correct order of ECG waves | P, QRS, T |
at rest each cardiac cycle lasts approximately __ seconds | 0.8 |
the remaining 25% of the blood that fills the ventricles after the relaxation period occurs during | atrial systole |
closing of the AV valves produces the | the first heart sound (lubb) |
heart murmurs are usually the result of defective | valves |
the cardiac output is | the milliliters of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle |
the cardiovascular center is located in the | medulla oblongata |
causes an increase in the rate of the heartbeat | norepinephrine |
changes in the blood pressure are detected by | baroreceptors |
impulses carried by means of the vagus nerve are | parasympathetic impulses that decrease the heart rate |
the average heartbeat of a healthy human is | 75 beats per minute |
the study of the heart and diseases associated with it is known as | cardiology |
the bulk of the heart consists of | myocardium |
the two upper chambers of the heart are separated from each other by the | interatrial septum |
risk factor(s) for the development of heart disease includes | high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and genetic predisposition |
the valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the | tricuspid valve |
when blood moves from an atrium to a ventricle | the valve is pushed open, the papillary muscles relax, and the corordae tendinae slacken |
parasympathetic neurons reach the heart via the __ cranial nerve | X |
a fluttering of the heart is called | palpitation |
blood from which three vessels enters the right atrium | the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus |
atherosclerosis is a condition in which | fatty deposits called plaques partially block the arteries |
why is the right ventricle wall thinner than the left ventricle? | the left ventricle has to pump blood further and if the right pumped as hard as the left, the lungs would burst |
regulates stroke volume | degree of stretch in the heart, Starling’s law, force of contraction, and pressure required and the opening of the valves |
pulmonary edema results from | congestive heart failure |
the increase in blood pressure during exercise could | cause unstable plaque in a blood vessel to rupture triggering the clotting process |
during strenuous exercise, a well trained athelete can achieve a cardiac output __ that of a sedentary person | double |
fluid compressing the heart causes a life threatening condition called | cardiac tamponade |
CAD stands for | coronary artery disease |
the “good” chemical that takes cholesterol to the liver for elimination is | low density lipoproteins |
T/F All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain non-oxygenated blood | FALSE – both carry oxygenated and deoxygenated depending on the original source |
T/F Atrioventricular valves are held closed by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles | TRUE |
T/F The heart valves prevent the backflow of blood during the cardiac cycle | TRUE |
T/F The autonomic nervous system initiates the contraction of the heart | FALSE – the SA node |
T/F Malfunctioning heart valves is called myocardial infarction | FALSE – heart attack |
T/F Blood flow through the heart is caused by changes in the size of the chambers | TRUE |
T/F The atria receive the blood returning to the heart | TRUE |
T/F Acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic fibers increases the rate of the heartbeat | FALSE – decreases the heart rate |
T/F Elevated levels of potassium decrease the heart rate and strength of the contraction | TRUE |
T/F The rate of the heartbeat stays constant throughout life | FALSE – changes due to age, physical fitness, body temperature, or diet |
T/F Exercise increases cardiac efficiency and output | TRUE |
T/F pericardium 3 layers: outer layer parietal pericardium forms inelastic pericardial cavity around; middle is visceral pericardium; inner layer is either fibrous pericardium if reference pericardial coverings or epicardium if reference layers | FALSE – pericardium is 2 parts; fibrous is outside then serous which has the parietal and inner visceral layer (epicardium) |
T/F Oxygen is sent to the myocardium first through the cardiac arteries | FALSE – sent to left atrium via pulmonary veins |
T/F In general, heart attack risk is low for those who exercise regularly and higher for those who do not | TRUE |
T/F Any irregular heart rhythm is an arrhythmia | TRUE |
T/F Ischemia, hypoxia, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction all result from a lack of oxygen to the heart tissue | TRUE |
T/F There is evidence from heart transplants that there is replacement of heart cells | TRUE |
T/F Overall, the incidence of death during physical activity is relatively high | FALSE - low |
T/F The beginning of an atherosclerotic plaque is a fatty streak formed from magrophages eating LDL particles and T cells | TRUE |
T/F Silent myocardial ischemia is a reduced blood flow to the heart tissue without any pain or forewarning | TRUE |
T/F Valvular stenosis is a combination of 4 defects including the aorta emerging from both ventricules | FALSE – tetralogy of fallot |
the inner visceral layer of the pericardium is also called the | epicardium |
the scientific study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with it is | cardiology |
the space between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes is the | pericardial cavity |
inflammation of the pericardium is called | pericarditis |
the thickenings of the sarcolemma that connect the cardiac muscle fibers are | intercalated discs |
the backflow of blood through an incompletely closed valve is called | regurgitation |
the pouchlike structure on the anterior surface of each atrium is called | auricle |
the right ventricle pumps blood into the | pulmonary trunk |
the coronary arteries originate as branches of the | ascending aorta |
the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the __ valve | tricuspid |
the large vein in the back of the heart collecting deoxygenated blood is the | coronary sinus |
the structure that picks up an action potential from the SA node is/are the | AV node |
the medical term for heart attack is | myocardial infarction |
a recording of the electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat is called a(n) | electrocardiogram |
the spread of the action potential through the ventricles is recorded as the __ wave of an ECG | QRS |
the specialized tissue capable of conducting action potentials and allowing the heart to beat without direct stimulus from the nervous system is the | conduction system |
contraction of the heart muscle is referred to as | systole |
heart sounds are produced by the __ of the AV valves and the semilunar valves | closing |
the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during each contraction is called the | stroke volume |
the __ law of the heart explains the relationship between the stretching of the ventricular wall and the contraction strength | Starling’s |
a general term referring to an irregularity in the rhythm of the heart is | arrhythmia |
a procedure that is used to visualize the coronary arteries, chambers, valves, and great vessels is | cardiac catheterization |
the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic fibers that increase the rate of the heartbeat is | norepinephrine |
an incomplete closure of the interventricular septum causes | interventricular septal defect |
a defect that exists at birth, and usually before, is called a(n) | congenital defect |
the pacemaker of the heart | SA node |
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle | tricuspid valve |
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle | bicuspid valve |
emerge from the bundle branches | Purkinje fibers |
consists of cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium |
the external layer of the heart wall | epicardium |
contraction of the heart chambers | systole |
relaxation of the heart chambers | diastole |
blood vessel associated with the left ventricle | aorta |
blood vessel associated with the right ventricle | pulmonary trunk |
refers to rapid heart rate | tachycardia |
indicates a slow heart rate | bradycardia |
low blood pressure | hypotension |
high blood pressure | hypertension |
inflammation of an artery | arteritis |
inflammation of a vein | phlebitis |
inflammation of a vein with clot formation | thrombophlebitis |
the obstruction of a blood vessel lumen | occlusion |
a temporary cessation of consciousness | syncope |
the smallest type of blood vessels are | capillaries |
the endothelium consists of | simple squamous epithelium |
the two main methods of capillary exchange are | diffusion and bulk flow |
exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the | capillaries |
venous return is due to | contraction of the heart, skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory pump |
blood vessels that are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane are capillaries | |
venules | are small veins, collect blood from capillaries, drain into veins, and are similar in structure to arterioles |
blood vessels that are referred to as blood reservoirs | veins |
blood pressure is highest in the | arteries |
resistance is related to | blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and blood vessel radius |
involved in the regulation of blood pressure | baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and carotid bodies |
atrial natriuretic peptide | is released by cells of the heart and lowers blood pressure |
a symptom of shock | increased levels of aldosterone, rapid, resting heart rate, cool, pale skin, and sweating |
increase(s) blood pressure | increased cardiac rate, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, and increased water retention |
peripheral resistance | increases as blood viscosity increases |
the cardiovascular center is located in the | medulla oblongata |
sympathetic stimulation results in | increase in blood pressure |
baroreceptors are located in the | aorta and internal carotid arteries |
neurons that monitor carbon dioxide levels in the blood and are located in the carotid and aortic bodies are | chemoreceptors |
hormones that influences blood pressure | ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and renin |
hormones that cause an increase in blood pressure | epinephrine, norepinephrine, rennin, and ADH |
blood vessels that would have the greatest resistance to blood flow | a long, small diameter blood vessel |
the movement of blood from the abdominal veins into the thoracic veins is mostly due to | pressure difference between the abdominal and thoracic cavity |
blood vessels are commonly used to feel the pulse | radial artery, brachial artery, popliteal artery, and common carotid artery |
the pulse is a direct reflection of the | heart rate |
the diastolic blood pressure | provides information about the resistance of blood vessels |
describes the pulmonary circulation | right ventricle to left atrium |
the blood vessel(s) containing blood with the highest oxygen contents is/are the | pulmonary veins |
all systemic blood vessels branch from the | aorta |
the circulatory route which bring blood to the tissues and back to the heart is the | systemic circulation |
the common carotid is part of the | cerebral circulation |
the blood rich in substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is carried by the | hepatic circulation |
changes in the cardiovascular system related to the aging process | reduced cardiac output, increased systolic blood pressure, and decreased maximum heart rate |
the fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation because of two organ systems that are non-functional. These organ systems are the | respiratory and digestive systems |
arteries that directly branches from the abdominal aorta | common iliac, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, and renal |
the direct continuation of the brachial artery is the __ artery | radial |
the main vein draining blood from the heart tissue is the | coronary sinus |
the external jugular veins empty into the | subclavian veins |
the formation of new blood vessels is referred to as | angiogenesis |
where is blood flow the slowest | veins |
arteries vs. veins | arteries are stronger, smaller in diameter, most do not have valves, and have higher blood pressure |
blood flow through a particular tissue area is controlled by | constriction of the precapillary sphincter of the arterioles |
blood is mainly moved through the veins | by changes in local muscle tissue and thoracic pressure |
the sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the superior and inferior vena cavae to the lungs | right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk |
gases and nutrients leave the blood at the | arteriole end of the capillaries |
blood flow from the heart to the lungs is called | the pulmonary circuit |
atherosclerosis is a condition in which | the arteries are “hardened” by deposits within the wall |
atherosclerosis has | stable plaque has a low lipid content, stable plaque doesn’t grow much, unstable plaque is more likely to rupture than stable plaque, and unstable plaque often contains a large number of macrophages |
more common in the elderly | CAD, CHF, atherosclerosis, and decreased blood flow to the brain |
chronically high blood pressure is called | hypertension |
will help prevent hypertension or lower blood pressure | don’t smoke, reduce intake of sodium, exercise, and reduce or manage stress |
a thin weakened section of an artery or vein that bulges out is called a(n) | aneurysm |
T/F Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction | TRUE |
T/F All veins carry blood low in oxygen | FALSE – pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood |
T/F Leaky valves cause varicose veins | TRUE |
T/F Blood flow refers to the amount of blood that passes through a blood vessel in a given period of time | TRUE |
T/F Blood always flows from regions of lower blood concentration to regions of higher blood concentration | FALSE - high to low |
T/F Epinephrine has no effect on blood pressure | FALSE – increases blood pressure |
T/F Vascular resistance refers to the resistance to blood flow in the peripheral circulation | TRUE |
T/F Blood volume only occasionally changes blood pressure | FALSE - always |
T/F The vasomotor center is located in the hypothalamus | FALSE – in the medulla oblongata |
T/F Parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve causes a decrease in heart rate | TRUE |
T/F Exercise can cause an increase in blood pressure | TRUE |
T/F Muscle tissue is not dependent on autoregulation of blood flow | FALSE – are dependent |
T/F Velocity of blood flow depends on the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel | TRUE |
T/F Skeletal muscle contractions help to return venous blood | TRUE |
T/F Bradycardia indicates a rapid heart rate | FALSE – slow |
T/F Arteries and veins have several layers including 2 layers of connective tissue, layer of smooth muscle and smooth endothelium lining for efficient blood flow and to prevent clotting. The muscle lining is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins | TRUE |
T/F There isn’t enough blood to go around to all the tissues so the diameter of the arteries and arterioles as well as the constriction of the precapillary sphincters helps determine where blood should go | TRUE |
T/F Heart rate is regulated by the cardiac center in the hypothalamus and chemoreceptors that detect oxygen levels in the blood | FALSE – cardiac center in the medulla oblongata |
T/F The major factor that moves blood through the body is pressure differences in the blood vessels between when it leaves the heart and as it returns | TRUE |
T/F Systolic pressure is the higher number because it is the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is lower but it is a constant pressure, because the ventricles are relaxed | TRUE |
T/F Recently, researchers have discovered that it is impossible to reverse the plaque damage of atherosclerosis | FALSE – possible |
T/F Regular exercise and stress management can help decrease the plaque buildup associated with atherosclerosis | TRUE |
T/F Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of heart disease and death in older Americans | TRUE |
T/F Under the new guidelines, the prehypertension classification now contains individuals that would previously have been considered normal. This means the systolic and diastolic readings for this category are lower than in the past | TRUE |
T/F Orthostatic hypotension is a large decrease in blood pressure caused by a person standing up | TRUE |
arterioles within a tissue or organ branch into countless microscopic vessels called | capillaries |
the movement of water and solutes out of capillaries into the interstitial fluid is called | filtration |
the movement of water and solutes from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries is called | reabsorption |
an increase in the size of a blood vessel lumen is referred to as | vasodilatation |
the blood flow in capillaries is regulated by smooth muscle fibers called the | pericapillary sphincter |
chemoreceptors that are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels are found in the carotid and __ bodies | aortic |
veins that lose their elasticity and become stretched and flabby are called __ veins | varicose |
when hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is higher than osmotic pressure, __ occurs | filtration |
as blood flows from the heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries, its velocity | decreases |
the alternate expansion and recoiling of an artery with each contraction of the left ventricle is called | pulse |
the instrument used to measure blood pressure is called | sphygmomanometer |
sweating during shock is due to __ stimulation | sympathetic |
the section between the diaphragm and the common iliac arteries is referred to as the | abdominal aorta |
the blood vessel emerging from the right ventricle is the | pulmonary trunk |
a small artery is called a(n) | arteriole |
blood flow from the left ventricle to the right atrium is the __ circulation | systemic |
the abdominal aorta branches into the | common iliac arteries |
the cerebral circulation is a subdivision of the __ circulation | systemic |
all veins of the systemic circulation flow into either the superior or inferior vena cava or the | coronary sinus |
the two pumps which help to return the blood to the heart are the skeletal muscle pump and the __ pump | respiratory |
the hormone released by cells of the kidneys in response to decreased blood volume or flow is | renin |