| Question |
Answer |
| right colic flexure (hepatic) | right-angle bend in the colon on the right side of the body near the liver that marks the junction of the ascending colon and the transverse colon |
| transverse colon | part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity joining the ascending colon to the descending colon |
| left colic flexure (splenic) | sharp bend of the colon under the spleen where the transverse colon joins the descending colon |
| descending colon | part of the large intestine on the left side that extends from the bend below the spleen to the sigmoid colon |
| sigmoid colon | s-shaped; contracted and crooked part of the colon immediately above the rectum |
| anus | posterior opening of the alimentary canal |
| anal canal ends at the ______ | anus |
| external anal sphincter | voluntary outer sphincter of striated muscle extending from the coccyx to the central tendonous part of the perineum and surrounding the anus immediately beneath the skin |
| internal involuntary sphincter | involuntary inner sphincter formed by thickening of the circular smooth muscle of the rectum |
| due to most nutrients being absorbed before the large intestine there are no ____ present | villi |
| goblet cells | mucus-secreting epithelial cell which produces alkaline mucus (HCO3--rich) |
| the mucus produced by the goblet cells serves what purpose? | to lubricate the passage of feces |
| teniae coli "ribbons of the colon" | any of three external longitudinal muscle bands of the large intestine |
| haustra | one of the pouches or sacculations into which the large intestine is divided |
| masticate | chewing |
| by the age of 21 what have been formed? | 2 sets of teeth |
| deciduous teeth | a baby tooth, or milk teeth; including four incisors, two canines, and four molars in each jaw which fall out during childhood and are replaced by the permanent teeth |
| we have a set of how many teeth by the time we are 2 years old? | 20 |
| permanent teeth | the second set of teeth that follow the milk teeth, typically persist into old age |
| permanent teeth include | and in humans are 32 in number including 4 incisors, 2 canines, and 10 premolars and molars in each jaw |
| wisdom teeth | third molar that is the last tooth to erupt on each side of the upper and lower jaw |
| when teeth remain imbedded in the jaw they are considered | impacted |
| impacted teeth are | wedged between the jawbone and another tooth |
| incisor | front tooth adapted for cutting; located between the canines with four in the lower and four in the upper jaw |
| canines | conical pointed tooth; one situated between the lateral incisor and the first premolar |
| premolars | one of two in each side of each jaw; bicuspid |
| molars | tooth with a rounded or flattened surface adapted for grinding; behind the incisors and canines sometimes including the premolars but more exactly restricted to the three posterior pairs in each human jaw on each side which are not preceded by milk teeth |
| crown | part of a tooth external to the gum |
| root | the part of a tooth within the socket |
| gingiva | tissue that surrounds the necks of teeth and covers the alveolar parts of the jaws |
| enamel | intensely hard calcareous substance that forms a thin layer partly covering the teeth; the hardest substance in the body |
| neck | part of a tooth between the crown and the root |
| cementum | specialized external bony layer covering the dentin of the part of a tooth normally within the gum |
| periodontal membrane (ligament) | fibrous connective-tissue layer covering the cementum of a tooth and holding it in place in the jawbone |
| dentin | calcareous material similar to bone but harder and denser that composes the principal mass of a tooth |
| pulp cavity | central cavity of a tooth containing the dental pulp and being made up of the root canal and the pulp chamber |
| pulp | highly vascular sensitive tissue occupying the central cavity of a tooth |
| the ____ supplies nutrients to the tooth tissues & tooth sensations. | pulp |
| root canal | part of the pulp cavity lying in the root of a tooth |
| salivary glands | any of various glands that discharge a fluid secretion and especially saliva into the mouth cavity |
| paratoid glands | salivary gland that is situated on each side of the face below and in front of the ear; largest of the salivary glands, is of pure serous type, and communicates with the mouth by the parotid duct |
| mumps | acute contagious virus disease caused by a paramyxovirus of the genus Rubulavirus (species Mumps virus) and marked by fever and by swelling especially of the parotid gland |
| submandibular gland | a salivary gland inside of and near the lower edge of the mandible on each side and discharging by Wharton's duct into the mouth under the tongue |
| saliva | mixture of mucus & serous fluids that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands; used to lubricate ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches |
| bolus | soft mass of chewed food |
| salivary amylase | an enzyme; a bicarbonate-rich (alkaline) juice that begins the process of starch digestion in mouth |
| saliva contains _____ and _____, which inhibit bacteria | lysosomes & antibodies |
| pancreas | soft pink triangular gland that extends across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum |
| most of the pancreas lies posterior to the parietal peritoneum; its location it considered ________ | retroperitoneal |
| the pancreas also has endocrine functions which include producing the hormones | insulin and glucagon |
| liver | largest gland in body; to the right side of the body under the diaphragm |
| falciform ligament | the liver is suspended from the diaphragm & abdominal wall by the mesentery cord |
| primary digestive function of the liver is to produce | bile |
| common hepatic duct | duct formed by the union of the hepatic and cystic ducts and opening into the duodenum, by which bile leaves the liver |
| bile duct | bile leaving the liver enters the duodenum through this |
| bile | yellow or greenish watery solution containing bile salts, bile pigments (bilirubin), cholesterol, phospholipids and variety of electrolytes |
| only ___ ___ & _________ aid in the digestive process, by the liver. | bile salts & phospholipids |
| bile does not contain ______ however, the bile salts it contains ______ fats by breaking down the fat globules into smaller ones | enzymes; emulsifies |
| gallbladder | thin walled, green, membranous muscular sac that is located in a shallow fossa inferior surface of the live; bile from the liver is stored |
| cystic duct | duct from the gallbladder that unites with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct |
| while in the gallbladder the _____ is removed from the bile by the gallbladder | water |
| gallstones form when bile is stored for too long or too much is removed; the cholesterol it contains may crystallize causing ______ | gallstones |
| jaundice | yellowish pigmentation of the skin, tissues, and certain body fluids caused by the deposition of bile pigments into the blood |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| cirrhosis | chronic inflammatory condition where liver becomes severely damaged; hard & fibrous |
| essential activities of the GI tract | ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation |
| ingestion | taking of material (as food) into the digestive system; active voluntary process |
| propulsion | foods in processed by more than one organ so it must be propelled from one to the next; i.e. swallowing depends on the propulsion from peristalsis; involuntary & involves waves of contraction/relaxation |
| segmentation | annular contraction of smooth muscle (as of the intestine) that seems to cut the part affected into segments; more an example of mechanical breakdown than propulsion |
| mechanical breakdown | mixing of food in mouth by tongue, churning of food in stomach and segmentation in sm intestine; prepares food for degradation by enzymes, segmenting into smaller particles |
| chemical digestion | sequence by which lrg food molecules broken down to their building blocks by enzymes |
| hydrolysis reactions | water molecule added to each bond to be broken |
| _____ is considered necessary to soften and dissolve foods | water |
| monosacharides | building blocks of carbohydrate foods |
| glucose, fructose & galactose are _____ _____ common in the human diet | simple sugars |
| glucose | is considered the most important, because of blood sugar levels |
| fructose is most abundant in _____ & _____ | fruits & vegetables |
| galactose is found in _____ | milk |
| the only carbohydrates that our digestive system break downs into simple sugars are ____, ____, ____ & ____ | sucrose, lactose, maltose & starch |
| sucrose | table sugar |
| lactose | milk sugar |
| maltose | malt sugar |
| sucrose, maltose & lactose are considered _____ | disaccharide |
| starch is a ______ because it consists of hundreds of _____ units. | polysaccharide; glucose |
| _______ polysaccharides do not provide any nutrients, and we do not digest them; however they aid in the ______ of food, in the form of fiber. | indigestible; movement |
| proteins are digested into _____ _____ | amino acids |
| protein digestion has intermediate products of _______ & ______ | poly peptides & peptides |
| when lipids are digested to their building blocks we get _____ & _____ | fatty acid & glycerol |
| absorption | transport of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood, or lymph |
| in order for absorption to occur the digested food must enter the mucosal cells by ___ or ____ transport | active; passive |
| what is the major site where absorption takes place? | small intestine |
| defecation | elimination of ingestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of feces |
| only the mouth _____ | ingests |
| only the large intestine ____ | defecates |
| the digestive tract can be viewed as a | disassembly line |
| digestive activity is controlled by ______ via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | reflexes |
| the stretch of the organ due to food in the lumen, PH concentration of the blood & presence of certain breakdown products of digestion cause are considered _____ to the sensors in the alimentary canal | stimuli |
| when the receptors are activated they start reflexes that activate/inhibit | glands secrete juices into lumen, hormones secreted into the blood, smooth muscles propel food along the tract |
Biology Lab Midterm
