Question | Answer |
Psychology defined is: | the science of behavior and mental processes. |
Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the: | scientific method. |
Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the scientific method to: | test ideas empirically. |
Psychology is a science that seeks to: | describe, explain, predict, and control individual behavior and mental processes. |
Psychologists draw on what main perspectives? | Cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural. |
Psychology's six main view points are the | cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural perspecteves. |
What is psychology? | the scientific study of mind and behavior. |
How do psychologists look at behavior and mental processes? | The biological view, cognitive view, psychodynamic view, humanistic view, behavioral view, and sociocultural view. |
How do psychologists research? | They use the scientific method to test ideas empirically. |
What are the goals of psychology? | Its goals are to describe, explain, predict, and control individual behavior and mental processes. |
A scientific study should begin with | a hypothesis/problem. |
What should a scientific experiment begin with? | It must begin with a hypothesis/problem. |
The conditions involving the independent variable could also be thought of as the: | stimuli. |
Random assignment of subjects to different experimental conditions can control for differences between: | the experimental and control groups. |
The only form of research that can determine cause and effect is: | an experiment / experimental study. |
What form of research can determine cause and effect? | An experimental study. |
In what kind of research does a scientist have most control over variables that might affect the outcome of the study? | In an experimental study. |
Unlike religion, art, and humanities, a science involves testing its theories against: | firsthand observations. |
Examples of pseudopsychology are: | ESP, Handwriting analysis, fortune telling, ect... |
Basic psychologists work: | in expanding knowledge. |
Basic psychologists are: | the teachers, researchers doing the experimenting, and/or publishing results. |
Applied psychologists work: | with people - in the real world - solving problems. |
Examples of applied psychologists are: | I/O (industrial and organizational) psychologists, sports psychologists, clinical and counseling psychologists, rehabilitation psychologists, engineering psychologists, school psychologists, ... |
Applied psychologists use the knowledge developed by whom, to what? | Applied psychologists use knowledge developed by experimental or basic psychologists to tackle human/everyday problems. |
Emotional bias is | the tendency to make judgments based on personal attitude or opinions, rather than rational analysis of data. |
Who is considered the father of scientific psychology? | Wundt. |
Virtually all psychiatrists, but only some psychologists treat: | mental disorders. |
Psychiatry is what kind of specialty? | Medical. |
What type of degree do psychiatrists hold? | MD (Medicinae Doctor / Doctor of Medicine). |
What type of degree do psychologists hold? | PhD, PsyD, or such. |
What's pseudopsychology? | False or unsubstantiated assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology. |
Define psychiatry. | A medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. |
Define confirmation bias. | The tendency to note only evidence that confirms your beliefs or expectations, while neglecting evidence that doesn't. |
What year did the 'father of psychology' found the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology? His name? | 1879. William Wundt. |
How is bias overcome in relation to experiments? | Replication of data/results. |
The scientific method is a way of putting what to what kind of test? | Ideas; an objective pass-fail test. |
Modern psychology's scope is broader than the Greek concept of 'psyche' how? | It studies behavior as well as the mind. |
An "operational definition" can be (blank) objectively. | observed. |
Movies are an example of what kind of illusion? | Optical. |
Our eyes have (blank), but our (blank) fills in the holes. | blind spots; brain |
The three main steps of the scientific method are | the hypothesis (which is the cause & effect between thought and behavior), the testing (experiment, data collection, & analysis), and the conclusion (accept/regect hypothesis). |
Empirical investigation relies on | data (sensory experience & observation), not hunches |
Define 'operational definition'. | Objective descriptions of concepts involved in a scientific study. |
Research studies that take place over a long period of time are known as | longitudinal research. |
Positive correlation means that as one variable increases | the other one does too. |
Negative correlation means that as one variable increases | the other one decreases. |
The five psychological methods / types of psychological research: | naturalistic observation, case study, correlational study, survey, & experiment. |
Which is the only scientific psychological method / research? | Experiment. |
The other psychological methods are (blank) and nonscientific. | passive |
Which of the five psychological methods are passive/nonscientific? | Naturalistic observation, survey, correlational study (adds prediction), case study (Experiment is scientific). |
Experiment is scientific because of | manipulation & control. |
Structuralism - | (Wundt) What's mind & it's structure? Introspection. |
Functionalism - | (James) How does your brain help you function? |
Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic - | (Freud) the unconcious. |
Humanistic - | born good/innocent, free will/choice, personal meaning, existentialism. |
Behaviorism - | (Watson) focuses on behavior, ignores mental process. |
Cognitive - | re-emphasis on mental processing because of imergence of brain scan technology. |
Gestalt - | German word 'whole'. Big picture. "The whole(perception) is greater than the sum of it's parts." Brain perception. |
The 7 Old Schools / early schools of psychology? | Structuralism(Wundt), functionalism(James), psychoanalytical/psychodynamic(Freud), humanistic, behaviorism(Watson), cognitive, & gestalt. |
Our DNA is exactly how alike to chimps? | 98.4% |
Humans differ from each other in DNA by | only 0.1% |
Independent variable- | (manipulate) cause. Have at least a control group & experimental group. |
Dependent variable- | (measure) supposed effect. |
Double-blind study: | to avoid expectancy bias, the researchers are kept in the dark as well as the subjects. |
Single-blind study: | the subjects are kept in the dark. |
Evolution- | change over time. |
Modern evolutionary psychology- | we are who we are today because of the more adaptable past humans. |
Chromosomes- | the overall genetic unit (appearance KX). |
DNA- | splice/segment of chromosome (the double helix). |
Genes- | piece of DNA responsible for a specific chemical (protien or enzyme). |
Humans have about how many genes? | 30,000 |
Humans have how many chromosomes? | 46 |
Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes? | 23 |
The 5 parts of a neuron: | dentrite, soma(cell body w/ nucleus inside), axon, myelin sheat(fat coating), terminal buttons. |
5 important neurotransmitters: | Seratonin(lack causes depression), Dopamine(excess causes paranoia-cocaine), Epinephrine(adrenaline/fightorflight), Norepinephrine(calms/slows), Endorphine(body natural morphine). |
Nerves or nerve pathways are bundles of many | neurons. |
Plasticity is | the brains ability to change/repair itself due to experience or damage. |
Reflexes are | unconcious, involuntary responses. |
Endocrine system is basically our | glands, which secrete hormones, which are chemicals, which are either inhibitory or excitatory. |
3 Important glands: | 1.) adrenal (epinephrine "fightorflight"), 2.) testies/ovaries (sex hormones, testosterone = agression, sex drive, hair growth), 3.) pituitary (sends signal from hypothalamus to all other glands). |
3 major types of Complex Learning: | Classical (Pavlov), Operant (Skinner), Observational (Bandura). |
2 major types of Primitive Learning: | habituation, mere exposure. |
2 basic types of Synapses: | classical conditioning (CS+US like thunder & lightning), operant (if-then, punishment & reinforcement). |