| Definition |
Term |
| Current population=last census+births & in-migration-death & out-migration or last census+natural increase+net migration. Instead of applying natural increase rates to individual cohorts it is applied to entire population. No population composition data. | Net Migration + Natural Increase |
| Start with estimate for larger area and "step down" to local area. Often used since population forecasts exist for states,counties and MSAs. | Step-down method (ratio) |
| Using readily obtainable data to predict changes in population | Symptomatic |
| Categorize population into age groups (5 yr typical by sex). Each cohort is survived into future until target yr is reached. Appropriate death & birth rates are applied. Method of choice. Detailed and very accurate for short-term projections. | Cohort survival |
| Rate of change stays the same over time. | Exponential |
| Collection that contains anything. | Population |
| Subset of a population | Sample |
| Selection from an accessible population. | Sampling Frame |
| Method of sampling | Random Selection |
| Comes after selection of sample, then assigned to a group. Critical to internal validity. | Random Assignment |
| Applies to a Sample | Statistic |
| Applies to a population | Parameter |
| Summary of value frequency or ranges of values. | Distribution |
| µ "mu" represents the mean of the population | Central Tendancy |
| X-Bar generally represents the mean of a sample. The average of a distribution. | Mean - X |
| Middle number of a distribution | Median (M sub d) |
| Number of a distribution that has highest frequency. | Mode (M sub o) |
| Probability of distribution that is symmetrical around the mean. A BELL CURVE. The "X", "M sub d", and "M sub o" are all at center point. | Normal distribution |
| Difference between highest and lowest score. | Range |
| Measure of a dispersion around the mean calcualted as the average of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean. | Variance minus "s squared" sometimes sigma when referring to population. |
| Spread of scores around a single sample. Also square root of the variance | Standard deviation - S |
| Spread of scores around the average of scores. | Standard error |
| Indicates whether or not something happened by chance. | Statistical significance |
| Capable of being measured (political party or blood type) | Quanitative |
| Income, GPA, house prices | Qualitative |
| Each item is a separate, whole unit, with no fractional values possible (ie bldg. with 10 rooms) | Discrete Data |
| Any number value can change to another is a given moment. (ie. height, GPA, interest rates) | Continuous data |
| Fixed value throughout time (ie. gender: male or female; tests: pass or fail) | Discontinuous data |
| Assignment of arbitrary names,numbers or symbols for the purpose of designating subclasses. Weakest level of measurement-mathematical equations can't be applied. Only scale doesn't include relationship between other variables. | Nominal Scale |
| Assignment of names, numbers, or symbols for purpose of defining an ordered relationshiop without the property of magnitude. Does not give info about difference between measurements. | Ordinal Scale |
| Assignment of names, numbers, or symbols for purpose of defiing an ordered relationshiop with the property of magnitude. Mathematical equations cannot be assigned. | Interval Scale |
| Assignment of names, numbers or symbols for pupropse of defining and ordered relationship with an absolute zero point and equal intervals. | Ratio Scale |
| Statement expressing relationships betwseen phenomena. Acceptance or non-acceptance upon a logical analysis of data using scientific method. 1st describe prediction, 2nd describe all possible outcomes. | Research Hypothesis ("H sub I" or "H sub A") |
| Hypothesis of no difference. Statistical relations have occurred for no reason other than laws of chance. | Null hypothesis ("H sub O") |
| When hypothesis has a specific outcome. | One-tailed hypothesis |
| When hypothesis does not specify an outcome. | Two-tailed hypothesis |
| When you reject the null hypothesis when it should have been the outcome that was accepted. | Type 1 error |
| When you accept the null hypothesis when it should have been the outcome that was rejected. | Type 2 error |
| Large populaiton nucleus with several adjacent communities that are integrated. | Metropolitan Area |
| Includes at least 1 -50,000 pn city or an urbanized area and total metro population of at least 100,000. | Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) |
| Meets reqmts for MSA and has pop of 1 mil or more. | Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area (PMSA) |
| Separate component areas identified within entire area by meeting statistical criteria standards & local opinon indicates support in the areas. | Cjonsolidated Medtropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) |
| Largest area of data where info is released. Typically between 2000 and 8000 PN. | Census Tract |
| Several census blocks combined together. More data can be released at this level. | Census Block Group |
| Smallest level at which census data is collected. Not all data released for privacy, only 400 housing units per block. | Census Block |
| Rural areas that do not have census tracts. | Block numbering areas |
| First census that used block data in US | 1990 |
| Straight line projection based on past population counts. | Mathematical & graphic techniques |
| Trend reversal-requires mathematical equations. | Gompertz Curve |
| Applied to small areas it is assumed that prevailiing densities can be applied tgo vacant areas nearby with strong development potential. Deductions for roads, open space etc and calculate ultimate build-out. | Holding Capacity Technique |
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