| Question |
Answer |
| what muscle lies outside the buccal mucosa? | the buccinator |
| what is the modality of the hypoglossal nerve? | somatic motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue |
| what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? | genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus |
| explain the movements of the extrinsic tongue muscles? | GENIOGLOSSUS (many); STYLOGLOSSUS (backward and superior); HYOGLOSSUS (pulls tongue back and down) |
| what is the skeletal foundation for the tongue? | the hyoid bone |
| what is the major action of the genioglossus? | most of the fibers PROTRUDE the tongue, bc of the mandibular symphysis insertion, where the most anterior fibers pull the tongue back into the mouth, bringing the tip of the tongue down |
| Upon asking a patient to protrude the tongue, primarily activated by the ___ muscle, you notice that the tongue deviates to the left. What is the primary problem? | Function of genioglossus with a LEFT deviation upon protrusion could indicate a contralateral UMNL or an ipsilateral LMNL. |
| You have diagnosed a patient with an UMNL of the hypoglossal nerve, inn the genioglossus. What would you expect to see. | Deviation to the contralateral side due to the weakened half of the genioglossus. You would also expect to see spastic paralysis, fasiculations, no atrophy on unaffected side. |
| what forms the muscular foundation of the mouth? | geniohyoid and mylohyoid (geniohyoid being more deep |
| stab someone from under their chin. what layers of tongue muscles you penetrate? | mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus |
| what is the course of the hypoglossal nerve? | it comes out of the hypoglossal canal, inbetween the IJV and the carotid arteries (passing in sheath for just a second), it hitchhikes on the ansa cervicalis |
| the cervical plexus supplies what? | the infrahyoid muscles |
| As an anatomist, what would you look for to verify the approximate location of the hypoglossal nerve CN12? | first, you would look for its relation between the IJV and carotid arteries, it's passage under the occipital a branch to the SCM off the ECA, taking note of its parallel 1 inch recession in comparison to mandible |
| what is the relationship between the hypoglossal nerve and the posterior digastric? | as it comes from near the FM, it is initally deep but then wraps around to the superficial side and then passes in between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid? |
| the hypoglossal nerve passes inbtw two impt structures? | inbetween IJV and carotids, and then inbetween hyoglossus and mylohyoid |
| what is the bony structure used to find the hypoglossal nerve? | the inferior horn of the hyoid is just below the hypoglossal nerve right before it passes under the posterior digastric |
| You open up the side of a neck in hope to find the lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve. How do you tell them apart? | the lingual nerve is superior and associated with the submandibular ganglion; the hypoglossal nerve is inferior and under the posterior digastric |
| which tastebuds contain taste and which don't? | TASTE: foliate, fungiform, circumvallate; NO TASTE: filiform |
| a fibrous septum can be found in the tongue. what is a landmark for this, and where is it found? | MEDIAN SULCUS is the landmark, and the septum divides the anterior part of the tongue |
| which taste buds do you lose early in life? | foliate |
| which tastebuds are keratinized? | filiform |
| which gland is entirely outside the oral cavity? | the parotid gland |
| where is the location of the submandibular gland, and how does it drain? | it's location partially in and partially out of the oral cavity, and drains via the submandibular duct into the oral cavity |
| Sublingual gland? | lies completely inside the oral cavity, below the tongue, salivary secretions traveling via the submandibular duct or via small ducts in the mucosa of the floor of the mouth |
| which gland is horseshoe shaped? | the submandibular gland |
| the submandibular forms a horseshoe shape around what? | the mylohyoid muscle |
| where is the lingual nerve in relation to the submandibular duct? | it's located laterally then inferiorly, then medially |
| most things are located lateral to the hyoglossus. What is 1 exception? | the lingual artery |
| which gland does the facial artery supply? | the submandibular |
| what does the lingual nerve supply? which gland? | the sublingual (by the sublingual branch of the lingual artery) |
| explain the passage of the lingual artery? | it comes off below the facial artery from the ECA, where it travels medial to the hyoglossus, giving off dorsal lingual aa, and continuing to give off sublingual branch and deep lingual |
| what blood supply supplies the submental triangle? | the submental branch of the facial artery |
| which arteries supplies the separate halves of the tongue (on each side of the midline septum)? | the deep lingual arteries (which don't anastamose) |
| In a hypglossal surgery, which artery--if you were in the cut a random artery mood--would be the best to cut and why? | cut the dorsal lingual artery because it has anastamoses where the deep lingual doesn't |
| what is the function of the dorsal lingual nerve? | it supplies the posterior tongue and the lingual tonsil |
| what supplies the anterior/posterior tongue? | ANTERIOR: deep lingual; POSTERIOR: dorsal lingual |
| what comes off the external carotid artery after the lingual artery? | the facial artery |
| what's another name for the deep lingual veins? | ranine veins |
| what is the venous drainage of the sublingual gland? | the deep lingual veins and sublingual veins |
| what is the major artery or nerve that the deep lingual veins (ranine veins) and the sublingual veins run alongside? | the DEEP LINGUAL VEINS and the SUBLINGUAL VEINS run alongside CN12. The dorsal lingual vein accompanies the lingual artery. |
| what are the nerves innervating the 1-4 BA's? | 5, 7, 9, 10 |
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