| Question |
Answer |
| Deconditioned (1) | A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability. |
| Proprioception (1) | The cumulative sensory input to teh central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement |
| Proprioceptively enriched environments (1) | An unstable (yet controllable) physical situation in which exercises are performed that causes the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms |
| Phases of Training (1) | Smaller divisions of training progressions that fall within the three building blocks of training |
| Muscular Endurance (1) | A muscle's ability to contract for an extended period of time |
| Neuromuscular Efficiency (1) | The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically stabilize the entire kinetic chain in all three planes of motion. |
| Prime Mover (1) | The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power |
| Superset (1) | Set of two exercises that are performed back to back, without any rest time between them |
| Rate of Force Production (1) | How quickly a muscle can generate force |
| Kinetic Chain (2) | The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems |
| Nervous system (2) | The communication network within the body |
| Sensory function (2) | The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment |
| Integrative function (2) | The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response |
| Motor function (2) | The neuromuscular response to the sensory information |
| Neuron (2) | The functional unit of the nervous system |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons (2) | Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord |
| Interneurons (2) | Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another |
| Motor (efferent) neurons (2) | Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites |
| Central nervous system (2) | Composed fo the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system (2) | Crainal and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body |
| Mechanoreceptors (2) | Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues |
| Muscle Spindles (2) | Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change |
| Golgi Tendon Organs (2) | Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change |
| Joint receptors (2) | Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleartion, and deceleration in the joint |
| Skeletal System (2) | The body's framework, composed of bones and joints |
| Bones (2) | Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs |
| Joints (2) | The movable junction where two or more bones meet |
| Axial skeleton (2) | Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column |
| Appendicular skeleton (2) | Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities |
| Depression (2) | Flatened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site |
| Process (2) | Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach |
| Arthokinmatics (2) | Joint motion |
| Synovial Joints (2) | Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body |
| Nonsynovial Joints (2) | Joints that do not have a joint caviity, connective tissue, or cartilage |
| Ligament (2) | primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitaion of improper joing movement |
| Muscular System (2) | Series of muscles that moves the skeleton |
| Tendons (2) | Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force |
| Sarcomere (2) | The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of acting and myosin |
| Neural Activation (2) | The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimuation |
| Motor unit (2) | A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates |
| Neurotransmitter (2) | Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle |
| Cardiorespiratory System (3) | A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems |
| Cardiovascular system (3) | A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| Heart (3) | A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction |
| Mediastinum (3) | The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs fo the chest, except the lungs |
| Atrium (3) | The superior chamber of the herat that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles |
| Ventricle (3) | The inferior chamber fo the heart that receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries |
| Blood (3) | Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also rids the body of waste products |
| Blood vessels (3) | Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body |
| Arteries (3) | Vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Veins (3) | Vessels that carry blood form the capillaries toward the heart |
| Arterioles (3) | Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries |
| Capillaries (3) | Teh smallest blood vessels, which connect venules with arterioles |
| Venules (3) | Teh very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins |
| Respiratory system (3) | A system of organs (the lugns and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream |
| Inspiration (3) | The process of actively contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into the body |
| Expiration (3) | The process of actively or passively relaxing inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body |
| Aerobic (3) | Requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic (3) | Does not require oxygen |
| Bioenergetics (3) | Teh biology of energy transformations and exchanges within the body, and between it and the environment |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (3) | A cellular structure that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis |
| Biomechanics (4) | A study that uses principles of physics to quantitavely study how forces interact within a living body |
| Superior (4) | Positioned above a point of reference |
| Inferior (4) | Positioned below a point of reference |
| Proximal (4) | Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference |
| Distal (4) | Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference |
| Anterior (or ventral) (4) | On the front of the body |
| Posterior (or dorsal) (4) | On the back of the body |
| Medial (4) | Positioned near the middle of the body |
| Lateral (4) | Toward the outside of the body |
| Contralateral (4) | Positioned on the opposite side of the body |
| Ipsilateral (4) | Positioned on the same side of the body |
| Sagittal plane (4) | An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves |
| Flexion (4) | The bending of a joint, causing the angle to the joint to decrease |
| Extension (4) | Teh straightening of a joint, causing the angle to joint to increase |
| Frontal Plane (4) | An imaginary bisector that dives the body into front and back halves |
| Abduction (4) | Movement of a body part away from the middle of the body |
| Adduction (4) | Movement of a body part toward the middle of the body |
| Transverse plane (4) | An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves |
| Internal rotation (4) | Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body |
| External rotation (4) | Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body |
| Eccentric contraction (4) | The lengthening of a muscle |
| Isometric contraction (4) | A muscle maintaining a certain length |
| Concentric contraction (4) | The shortening of a muscle |
| Force (4) | An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object |
| Length-tension relationship (4) | The length at which a muscle can produce the greatest force |
| Force-couple (4) | Muscle groups moving toether to produce movement around a joint |
| Rotary motion (4) | Movement of the bones around the joints |
| Torque (4) | A force that produces rotation |
| Motor behavior (4) | The process of the body responding to internal and external stimuli |
| Motor control (4) | Teh study of posture and movements and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experience |
| Synergies (4) | Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement |
| Sensorimotor Integration (4) | The cooperation of teh nervous and muscular system in gathering information, interpreting, and executing movement |
| Motor learning (4) | Repeated practice of motor control processes, which lead to a change in thh ability to produce complex movements |
| Feedback (4) | The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the kinetic chain in motor learning |
| Internal Feedback (4) | The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment |
| External Feedback (4) | Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment |
| Objective information (5) | Measurable data about a client's phsycial state such as body composition, movement, and cardiovascular ability |
| Posture (5) | The alignment and function of all components of the kinetic chain at any given moment |
| Structural efficiency (5) | Teh alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows our center of gravity to be maintained over our base of support |
| Functional efficiency (5) | Teh ability of the neuromuscular system to monitor and manipulate movement during functional tasks using the least amount of energy, creating teh least amount of stress on the kinetic chain |
| Postural equilibrium (5) | Maintain a state of balance in the alignment of the kinetic chain |
| Functional strength (5) | The ability of teh neuromuscular system ot contract eccentrically, isomentrically, and concentrically in all three planes of motion |
| Postural Distortion Patterns (5) | Predictable occurrences of muscle imbalances caused by altered movement patters |
| Flexibility (6) | The normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allow the full range of motion of a joint |
| Extensibility (6) | Capability to be elongated or stretched |
| Dynamic Range of Motion (6) | Teh combination of flexibility and the nervous system's ability to control this range of motion efficiently |
| Dynamic functional flexibility (6) | Multiplanar soft tissue extensibility with optimal neuromuscular efficiency throughout the full range of motion |
| Postural Distortion Patterns (6) | Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances |
| Relative flexibility (6) | The tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance during functional movement patterns |
| Autogenic inhibition (6) | The process when neural impulses that sense tension is greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles |
| Pattern overload (6) | Consistently repeating teh same pattern of motion, which may place abnormals stresses on the body |
| Davis's Law (6) | States that soft tissue models along the lines of stress |
| Static Stretching (6) | Teh process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 20 seconds |
| Active-isolated stretch (6) | The process of using agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion |
| Dynamic stretch (6) | The active extension of a muscle, using force production and momentum, to move the joint through the full available range of motion |
| Integrated cardiorespiratory training (7) | Training that involves and places a stress on the cardiorespiratory system |
| General warm-up (7) | Low-intensity exercise consisting of movements that do not necessarily relate to the more intense exercise that is to follow |
| Specific warm-up (7) | Low-intensity exercise consisting of movements that mimic those that will be included in teh more intense exercise that is to follw |
| Time (7) | The length of time an individual is engaged in a given activity |
| Type (7) | Teh type or mode of physical activity that an individual is engaged in |
| Enjoyment (7) | The amount of pleasure derived from performing a physical activity |
| Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) (7) | Elevation of teh body's metabolism after exercise |
| Core (8) | The lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and the thoracic and cervical spine, where teh body's center of gravity is located |
| Drawing-in maneuver (8) | Teh action of pulling the belly button in toward the spine |
| Intramuscular coordination (8) | The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow optimal levels of motor unit recruitment and synchronization within a muscle |
| Intermuscular coordination (8) | The ability of teh neuromuscular system to allow all muscles to work together with proper activation and timing between them |
| Dynamic joint stabilization (9) | The ability of the kinetic chain to stabilize a joint during movement |
| Multisensory condition (9) | Training environment that provides heightened stimulation to proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors |
| Controlled instability (9) | Training environment that is as unstable as can safely be controlled by an individual. |
| Reactive training (10) | Exercises that use quick, powerful movements involving an eccentric contraction immediately followed by an explosive concentric contraction |
| Integrated performance paradigm (10) | To move with efficiency, forces must be reduced (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and tehn produced (concentrically) |
| Speed (11) | The ability to move the body in one intended direction as fast as possible |
| Agility (11) | Teh ability to accelerate, decelearte, stabilize, and change direction quickly, while maintain proper posture |
| Quickness (11) | Teh ability to react and change body position with maximum rate of force production, in all planes of motion, from all body positions, during functional activites |
| General adaptation syndrom (12) | Teh kinetic chain's ability to adapt to stresses placed on it |
| Alarm reaction (12) | The alarm reaction is the initial reaction to a stressor |
| Resistance development (12) | The body increases its functional capacity to adapt to the stressor |
| Exhaustion (12) | Prolonged stress or stress that is intolerable and will produce exhaustion or distress to the system |
| Preiodization (12) | Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages |
| Principle of specificity or specific adaptation to imposed demands (SAID principle) (12) | Principle that states the body will adapt to the specific demands that are placed on it |
| Mechanical specificity (12) | Refers to the weight and movements placed on the body |
| Neuromuscular specificity (12) | Refers to the speed of contraction and exercise selection |
| Metabolic specificity (12) | Refers to the energy demand placed on the body |
| Strength (12) | The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force |
| Muscular endurance (12) | The ability of teh body to produce low levels of force and maintain them for extended periods |
| Stability (12) | The ability of the body to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement |
| Strength endurance (12) | The ability of the body to repeatedly produce high levels of force for prolonged periods |
| Hypertrophy (12) | Enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers in response to overcoming force from high volumes of tension |
| Maximal strength (12) | The maximum force that a muscle can produce in a single, voluntary effort, regardless of velocity |
| Power (12) | Ability of the neruomuscular system to produce the greatest force in the shortest time |
| Vertical loading (12) | Alternating body parts trained from set to set, starting from the upper extremity and moving to the lower extremity |
| Horizontal loading (12) | Performing all sets of an exercise or body part before moving on to the next exercise or body part |
| Program design (13) | A purposeful system or plan put together to help an individual achieve a specific goal |
| Acute variables (13) | Important components that specify how each exercise is to be performed |
| Repetition (or "rep") (13) | One complete movement of a single exercise |
| Set (13) | A group of consecutive repetitions |
| Training Intensity (13) | An individual's level of effort, compared with their maximal effort, which is usually expressed as a percentage of 1RM |
| Repetition tempo (13) | The speed with which each repetition is performed |
| Rest interval (13) | The time taken to recuperate between sets |
| Training volume (13) | Amount of physical training performed within a specified period |
| Training frequency (13) | The number of training sessions performed during a specified period (usually 1 week) |
| Training duration (13) | The timeframe of a workout (including warm-up and cool-down) or the length of time spent in one phase of training |
| Exercise selection (13) | The process of choosing appropriate exercises for a client's program |
| Training Plan (13) | The specific outline, created by a fitness professional to meet a client's goals, that details the form of training, length of time, future changes, and specific exercies to be performed |
| Annual plan (13) | Generalized training plan that spans 1 year to show when the client will progress between phases |
| Monthly Plan (13) | Generalized training plan that spans 1 month and shows which phases will be required each day of each week |
| Weekly Plan (13) | Training plan of specific workouts that spans 1 week, to show which exercies are required each day of the week |
| Diabetes (14) | Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein |
| Hypertension (14) | Raised systemic arterial blood pressure, which, if sustained at a high enough level, is likely to induce cardiovascular or end-organ damage |
| Osteopenia (14) | A decrease in the calcification or density of bone as well as reduced bone mass |
| Osteoporosis (14) | Condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass and density as well as an increase in the space between bones, resulting in porosity and fragility |
| Arthritis (14) | Chronic inflammation of the joints |
| Ostearthritis (14) | Arthritis in which cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or thins out, as a result of trauma or other conditions |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (14) | Arthritis primarily affecting connective tissues, in which there is a thickening of articular soft tissue, and extnesion of synovial tissue over articular cartilages that have become eroded |
| Cancer (14) | Any of various types of malignant neoplasms, most o which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause death of the patient unless adequately treated |
| Restrictive lung disease (14) | The condition of a fibrous lung tissue, which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs |
| Obstructive lung disease (14) | The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, generally caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production |
| Intermittent claudication (14) | The manifestation of the symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease |
| Peripheral arterial disease (14) | A condition characterized by narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities |
| Nutrition (15) | The sum of the processes by which an animal or plant takes in and uses food substances |
| Protein (15) | Amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Carbohydrates (15) | Neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (such as sugars, starches, and celluloses), which make up a large portion of animal foods |
| Lipids (15) | A group of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols |
| Dietary Supplement (16) | A substance that completes or makes an addition to daily dietary intake |
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (16) | The average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals who are in a particular life stage and gender group |
| Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (16) | The average daily nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals who are in a particular life stage and gender group |
| Adequate Intake (AI) (16) | A recommended average daily nutrient intake level, based on observed (or experimentally determined) approsimations or estimates of nutrient intake that are asusume to be adequate for a group (or groups) of healthy people. Used when RDA cannot be |
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) (16) | The highes average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse health effects increase |
| Root Cause Analysis (17) | A method of asking questions on a step-by-step basis to discover the initial cause of a fault |
| Rapport (18) | Aspect of a relationship characterized by similarity, agreement, or congruity |
| Empathy (18) | Action of awareness, understanding, and sensitivity of the thoughts, emotions, and experience of another without personally having gone through the same |
| Assessment (18) | A process of determining the importance, size, or value of something |
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