Term | Definition |
Pathology | Study of Disease
&
Disease Process |
Myriad Nox ious Agents | Causes disease |
Disease is caused by | Damage to Cellular and Tissue injury
the membrane or Enzymes |
Damage to the Membrane or enzymes create | Lesions |
Cells need | Nutrients
Oxygen
Protection from toxins |
Clinical pathology | Damaged cells release certain products that can be seen in lab tests |
Somatic Death | Disappearance of Life from individual |
Necrosis | Local Death of Tissue in LIVING ANIMAL |
Anoxia | lack of Oxygen |
Post Mortem Changes-Def | Changes that occur after death |
4 PM changes | 1) Cooling
2) Rigor Mortis
3) Blood changes
4) PM Degeneration |
1) Cooling | Rate of cooling of the body
-Initial
-Insulation
-Environment |
2) Rigor Mortis | Stiffening of muscles 1-9 HOURS after death
-Contraction of Muscle fibers due to energy supply decrease |
3) Blood Changes | a) Pool due to gravity
b) Clot |
4) PM Degeneration | Decay of body an organs involved in two ways
a) Autolysis
b) Putrefaction |
a) Autolysis | Breakdown of Cells and tissue cause by ENZYMES from BODY |
b) Putrefaction | Break down of Cells and tissue cause by BACTERIA from ENVIRONM. or BODY (microorganisms) |
Hypoxia | Lack of Oxygen |
Cellular Degeneration | -Memb. Sodium-Potassium Pump dysfunction
Changes intracellular and extracellular functions |
Systemic | Effecting BODY as a WHOLE |
Local | Specific to Area that is Effected |
Li-que-faction | FLUID & SMALL Mol. CATABOLYSE + Removed through BLOOD STREAM & LYMPHATIC sys. |
Sup-pur-ation | Liquefaction with PUS Formation |
Py-o-genic Bacteria | PUS forming |
Pus/Purlent EXUDATE | Semi-Liquid Necrotic |
Lytic Enzymes | -Secreted by BACTERIA, DEAD TISS. CELLS & Dying NEUTRAPHILS |
Sequ-est-ration | ENCAPSULATION without Liquefaction |
D -esquamation + Sloughing (2 ways) | DEAD cells loosing their ATTACHMENT into space or lumen
1) Erosion
2) Ulceration |
Erosion | Only SUPERFICIAL Epithelium |
Ulceration | FULL thickening of Epithelium LOST
-To BASMENT Memb. |
Organisation | NECROTIC Tiss. processed with the presence of
-Leukocytes =Engulf NECROTIC mat.
-Capillaries
-Fibroblasts=Lays down CONNECTIVE Tiss-FILLS GAPS
=MATURATION |
Regenration | =Only occurs in Cells that DIVIDE
-Cells survive initial damage. Will MULITIPLE & REPLACE DEAD cells
Don't occur in neurons and Cardiac mus. |
Gangrene | -DIGESTION of Necrotic tiss.
a) Toxaemia
b) Sloughing |
Toxaemia | -DECOMPOSITION of bodies PROTEINS and removed through BLOOD STREAM and LYMPHATICS |
A- trophy (A-Accident ) | " SHRINKED"
Dec in Size
e.g Disuse Atrophy -Broken Leg |
Hypertrophy | -INC in SIZE due to inc CELL SIZE |
Meta-plasia | "CHANGE" from 1 CELL to Another |
Hypo-plasia
Hyp o -plas i a | " INCOMPLETE" Growth
Extremes:
Aplasia
Agensis
Atresia |
Aplasia
A-p (Flip) b | "ABSENSE" |
Agenisis
g-Goal
e-Embryo | "FAILURE" to develop in Embryo |
Atresia
a-Ass | "CLOSURE" or "ABSENCE" of LUMANL struct. |
Dysplacia | "LACK" of Histological ARCHITECTURE
-Jumbled distribution of tissue |
Distribution of Circulation | inadequate CIRCULATION of BLOOD |
Hyper-aemia | INC - blood FLOW to Area |
Congestion | Impeded Flow "OUT" |
hypostatic | 'POOLING' of blood |
Ischaemia | 'WITHOUT' BLOOD
-inadequate blood supply |
Volvus | an OBSTRUCTION caused by TWISTING of the stomach or intestine. |
Infarction | 'LOCALISED' Area of "NECROSIS"
caused by ISCHAEMIA
Wedge shaped kidney |
Anaemia | "LACK" of OXYGEN in blood |
Acute | "QUICK" onset |
Chronic | " LONG" onset
over several days |
Thrombus | "BLOOD CLOT" that forms in vessel during LIFE |
Thrombosis | Formation of an "INAPPROPRIATE" Thrombus on wall of a vessel (Blood or Lymph.) |
Vascular Stasis | "DEC" in Blood FLOW |
Aneurysms | "DILATED" heart Chamber |
Embo-lus | Abnormal "MASS" circulating in blood |
Embo-lism | "ARREST" of Circulatory "MASS" in vessel |
Throm-boem-boli | Formed from "THROMBI"
-Bits of THROBUS breaking off -Travel to lungs=DEATH |
Haemorrhage | "BLEEDING" from damaged vessels |
Haematoma | -"LOCALISED" accum. of Blood =CLOT |
Pete-chiae
p-pin | "PIN POINT" Haemorrhage |
Ec-chym-oses
e-Educational Painting | "PAINT BRUSH" Haemorrhage |
Bruising | -SUB Q Haemorrhage |
Haemo-peri-cardium | Blood in Pericardium |
Haemo-thorax | Blood in Thorax |
Haemo-peritoneum | Blood in Abdominal cavity |
Shock | "Failure" of Circ. Sysy. to Adequately "PERFUSE" vital Organs
-vascular dilation |
Hypo-vol-aemic Shock | DEC blood Volume |
Vascu-lo-genic shock | INC Vascular space |
Septic | Infected with Bacteria |
Cardio-genic Shock | "REDUCED" cardiac Output |
Dys-rhyth-mia | Abnormal Heart Rhythm |
Endo-toxic Shock | Severe Vaso-dilation |
Diuresis | -Water loss through kidneys |
Oedema | "EXCESSIVE" Acculam. of Tiss FLUID |
Ascites | Accum. of fluid in "PERITONEAL" cavity
- causing Abdominal "SWELLING" |
Hydrothorax | Fluid in the thorax |
Hydropericardium | Fluid in the pericardial space |
Anasarca | Widespread "SWELLING" of SKIN due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space. |
Hydrostatic Pressure (HP) | Pressure du to mol. inside the vessel |
Osmotic Pressure | pressure needed to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis |
Coloid Osmotic Pressure (COP) | Pressure due to the concn. of PROTEINS in vessel |
Hypoalbuminaemia | DEC formation of Albumin
or
INC. LOSS |
Lymphoedema | Oedema due to lymphatic syst. BREAKDOWN |
Pulmonary Oedema | Left side of heart fails
causes BACKFLOW into blood vessels |
Cerebral Oedema | Fluid on the brain |
Anaphylaxis | an acute allergic reaction to an antigen (e.g. a bee sting) to which the body has become hypersensitive. |
Pleuritis | Inflammation of the pleura |
Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin |
Enteritis | Inflammation of the Intestines |
Gastritis | Inflammation of the Stomach & Intestines |
Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain |
Cystitis | Inflammation of the bladder |
Nephritis | Inflammation of the kidney |
Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone |
Stomatitis | Inflammation of the oral cavity/mouth |
Tonsillitis | Inflammation of the tonsils |
Gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums |
Causes of inflammation | Trauma
Physical agents
Chemical irritants
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Allergic Alleries |