| Question | Answer |
| What is in the oral cavity? | Mucosa
Submucosa
Lips
Tongue
Taste buds |
| What makes up the mucosa of the oral cavity? | stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and a lamina propra of loose connective tissue |
| What is the core of the lips | Skeletal muscle called orbicularis oris |
| What is the orbicularis ors? | skeletal muscle core of the lips |
| What is the outer surface of the lips? | It is lined with skin |
| Histological features of the tongue (6) | stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Papillae
Skeltal Muscle
Serous and mucus glands
Glands of Von Ebner
Taste buds |
| Inner surface of the lips | oral muscoa with labial glands in the lamina propria |
| Papillae of the tongue | Contain receptors for taste |
| Gland of Von ebner | Serous glands of the oral cavity
Wash out the taste buds |
| Filiform paillae | elongated and partially keratinized
cover the dorsal surface of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
| Fungiform papillae | mushroom-shpaed
Scattered over the dorsal surface of teh tounge and contain taste buds |
| (Circum)vallate papillae | lie along the sulcus terminalis that divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Extremely large and surrounded by a groove, or oat.
Empty their secretions into teh moat around the papilla
have taste buds |
| Waldeyer's Ring | An interrupted circle of protective lymphoid tissue at the upper ends of the respiratory and alimentary tracts |
| Lingual Tonsil | diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes or multiple small nodules.
Below epithelium of the posterior third of the tongue |
| Layers of the tooth | Ameloblasts
enamil
Dentin
Odontoblasts
papilla |
| Crown of tooth | projects above the gingiva |
| Gingiva | mucous membrane that is attached to teh alveolar periosteum and surrounds teh neck of the tooth |
| root of the tooth | projects below the gingiva |
| Pulp | core of the tooth that is made up of loose connective tissue |
| Pulp cavity | contains the pulp |
| Dentin | Calcified tissue that covers the pulp |
| Dentin is made up of | odontoblasts |
| Dentin growth | formation continues through life |
| What part of the tooth gets smaller | pulp cavity |
| Enamel | covers the dentin on the crown of teh tooth.
Hardest surface in the body |
| Enamel is made up of | ameloblasts |
| Where are ameloblasts? | cover the surface of the developing tooth |
| General organization of the digestive tract | From inside out:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa |
| Mucosa of the GI tract | epithelium (simple squamous or cuboid)
Lamina Protpria
Muscularis mucosa |
| Muscularis mucosa | smooth muscle that can contract under the sympathetic nervous system |
| Submucosa | Below the mucosa
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contains meissner's plexus |
| Muscularis externa | moves the food toward the anal canal
big ring of muscle |
| Serosa (adventitia) | layer of loose connective tissue which is not covered by a mesothelial covering (visceral peritoneum)
Mesothelium
Connective tissue |
| Histological Features of the Esophagus (4) | Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
Skeletal muscle (top 1/3 and mixed in middle 1/3)
Smooth muscle (bottom 1/3 and mixed in the middle 1/3)
Serous-mucus glands in the submucosa |
| Layers of esophagus | Lumen
Epithelium
Lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
muscularis externa |
| Mucosa of esophagus | epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosa |
| What glands are found in lamina propria of esophagus? | mucus-secreting esophageal cardiag glands |
| Muscularis mucosa is a | single longitudinal layer of smooth muscle |
| Submucosa of the esophagus | esophageal glands (serous)
Muscularis externa |
| Muscularis externa of esophagus | skeletal in upper third
smooth and skeletal in middle third
smooth muscle in lower third |
| Histological features of the stomach (3) | Cardiac
Fundic
Pyloric |
| Body of stomach | fundus |
| Cardiac glands of the stomach | mucous cells that secrete mucus and lysozyme |
| lysozyme | bacteriocidal enzyme |
| Gastric glands | Found in fundus of stomach. |
| Cell types of gastric glands | undifferentiated stem cells
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendrocrine cells |
| Lamina propria of stomach | has gastric pits on surface of epithelium into the lamina propria.
Lined with mucous cells
Gastric glands |
| Gastric Glands | branched tubular glands at the bottom of the pits in the lamina propria |
| 3 types of gastric glands | cardiac glands
gastric (fundic) glands
Pyloric glands |
| Pit to gland ratio of cardiac stomach | 1:1
length of gland should be the same as length of pit |
| Fundic Glands can be divided into 3 parts | isthmus
neck
body |
| Cells found in isthmus | parietal cell
mucous neck cell |
| Cells of body | chief cell
argentaffin cell |
| Surface mucous cells secrete | mucin |
| Mucous neck cells secrete | alkaline mucin |
| parietal cells secrete | HCl and intrinsic factor |
| Chief Cells secrete | pepsinogen |
| enteroendocrine cells secrete | gastrin |
| Pit/Gland ratio in the pyloric area | 2:1
long pits and short glands |
| Pyloric glands are found | in the pyloric region of the stomach |
| Cells of the pyloric glands | mucous cells
enteroendocrine cells
parietal cells
undifferentiated stem cells |
| Mucous cells of the pyloric glands | secrete mucus and lysozyme |
| Enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric glands | G cells secrete gastrin
D cells secrete somatostatin |
| gastrin | stimulates the parietal cells in the gastric glands to secrete HCl |
| Somatostatin | regulates the release of the other hormones |
| Parietal cells in the pyloric stomach | in limited number |
| Histological features of the duodenum | simple columnar epithelium
muscularis mucosa
Brunner's Glands in submucosa
Smooth muscle |
| Brunner's Glands | only glands in submucosa past the esophagus
secrete alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa from gastric acid.
Maintains pH for pancreatic enzymes to work |
| Muscularis externa of intestines | inner circular and out longitudal layers of smooth muscle
Auerbach's plexus found between the two layers |
| Histological features of the jejunum and ileum | long villi with lacteals
crypts of lieberkuhn
smooth muscle |
| Crypts of Lieberkuhn | space in dark ridges |
| Histological features of the jejunum and ileum | simple columnar epithelium
long villi with lacteals
crypts of lieberkuhn
smooth muscle |
| Crypts of Lieberkuhn | space in dark ridges |
| Villus Structure | Villus and Crypt |
| Villus cells | absorptive cells
goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
crypt cells
stem cells
paneth cells |
| Paneth cells | found in base of crypts
they secrete antibacterial enzyme lysozyme |
| Enteroendocrine cell products of the small intestine | secretin
cholecystokinin
gastric inhibiotry peptide
motilin |
| Secretin | stimulates growth and secretino of the exocrine pancreas |
| cholecystokinin | stimulates growth and secretino of teh exocrine pancreas and contractino of teh smooth muscle of teh gall bladder, but inhibits gastric eptying |
| GIP | gastric inhibitory peptide
Inhibits HCl secretion by teh pareital cells in stomach |
| Motilin | increases gut motility |
| Illeum can be differentiated by having | Peyer's patches |
| Appendix | similar sturcture to the colon but has shorter crypts of leiberkuhn and no teniae coli
Large amounts of lymphoid tissue |
| Hirschsprung's disease | absence of ganglion cells in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of teh rectum.
Feces remain in the colon causing it to enlarge |
| Histological features of the colon | simple columnar epithelium
NO vili
crypts of leiberkuhn
smooth muscle: teniae coli |
| Teniae Coli | smooth rubber band sections of muscle |
| Anal Canal | Look for apocrine glands
Hair follicles
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
smooth and skeletal muscle |
| External sphincter is what kind of muscle? | skeletal |
