Question | Answer |
Central nervous system | includes brain and spinal cord |
Peripheral nervous system | includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves |
The Neurons | Basic cells of nervous system |
The Neurons | Carry nerve impulses throughout body |
The Neurons | Afferent neurons, Connecting neurons, Efferent neurons |
Brain: Primary Function | Coordinates all activities of the body by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body |
Brain MT | encephal/o |
Major Parts of the Brain | Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum,Brainstem |
Cerebrum | largest and uppermost portion of brain |
Cerebrum | hemispheres subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes |
Cerebrum | divided into right and left hemispheres |
Cerebral Lobes: frontal lobe | controls skilled motor functions, memory & behavior |
Cerebral Lobes: parietal lobe | receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in tongue,skin, muscles |
Cerebral Lobes: occipital lobe | controls eyesight |
Cerebral Lobes: temporal lobe | controls hearing and smell, and ability to create, store and access new information |
Spinal Cord: Primary Function | Transmits nerve impulses between the brain,limbs, and lower part of the body |
Spinal Cord MT | myel/o |
Myel/o MT | also means bone marrow |
Nerves: Primary Function | Receive and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body |
Nerves | neur/i MT |
Nerves | neur/o MT |
caus/o MT | burning, burn |
cerebr/o MT | cerebrum, brain |
concuss/o MT | shaken together, violently agitated |
contus/o MT | bruise |
Peripheral Nervous System has | 12 Pairs Cranial Nerves |
Peripheral Nervous System has | 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves |
Peripheral Nervous System | Transmits sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS and rest of body |
Basic Structural Unit of the Nervous System is called a | Neuron Cells |
Cell body Contains | the nucleus and cytoplasm |
Conducts impulses away from the cell body | Axon |
Some axons are covered with a | myelin sheath |
Conducts impulses toward the cell body | Dendrite |
Connective tissue, Do not conduct impulses, Protect nervous system through phagocytosis | Neuroglia |
Types of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes |
Types of Neuroglia Cells | Microglia |
Type of Neuroglia Cells | Oligodendrocytes |
Type of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes |
Carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system | Afferent (sensory) nerves |
Cause the target organs to do something in response to commands | Efferent (motor) nerves |
Carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands | Efferent (motor) nerves |
Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions | Somatic Nervous System |
Provides involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity and secretions in response to the commands of the central nervous system | Autonomic Nervous System |
Increase heart rate | Sympathetic nerves |
Constrict blood vessels | Sympathetic nerves |
Raise blood pressure | Sympathetic nerves |
Fight-or-flight response | Sympathetic nerves |
Slow heart rate | Parasympathetic nerves |
Increase peristalsis of intestines | Parasympathetic nerves |
Increase glandular secretions | Parasympathetic nerves |
Relax sphincters | Parasympathetic nerves |
Outermost layer of meninges | Dura mater |
Tough, white connective tissue of meninges | Dura mater |
Meninges Epidural space
located outside of the dura mater | Contains supporting cushion of fat and connective tissue |
Meninges Subdural space located beneath the dura mater | Cavity is filled with serous fluid |
Middle layer of the meninges | Arachnoid membrane |
Resembles a spider web | Arachnoid membrane |
Subarachnoid space immediately beneath
contains | cerebrospinal fluid |
Innermost layer of the meninges | Pia mater |
Tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord | Pia mater |
Structures of the Brain: Cerebrum | Largest and uppermost portion of the brain
Controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, voluntary movements |
Cortex MT | outer surface |
Gyri MT | elevations |
Sulci MT | grooves |
Longitudinal fissure divides cerebrum into | two hemispheres |
Attached to the brain stem | Cerebellum |
Maintains muscle tone
Coordinates normal movement and balance | Cerebellum |
Located between cerebrum and midbrain | Diencephalon |
thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland | Diencephalon Consists of |
Brain Stem Consist of | Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
Serves as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord | Brain Stem |
Controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate | Brain Stem |
Pathway for impulses traveling to and from brain | Spinal Cord |
Transmits nerve impulses between the brain,
limbs, and lower part of the body | Spinal Cord |
Central nervous system Organs | Brain, Spinal cord |
CNS Function | Integration; command center, Interpret incoming, sensory information, Issues outgoing instructions |
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | Nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord |
PNS Functions | Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles |
Sensory Organs and Receptors Primary Functions | Receive external stimulation and transmit these stimuli to the sensory neurons |
Sensory Organs and Receptors Primary Functions | Eyes (sight), Ears (hearing), Nose (smell),Skin (touch), Tongue (taste) |
-esthesia MT | sensation, feeling |
esthet/o MT | feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception |
-graphy MT | the process of producing a picture or record |
mening/o | membranes, meninges |
phobia | abnormal fear |
radicul/o | root or nerve root |
tropic | having an affinity for |
Alzheimer’s Disease | Progressive and extremely debilitating deterioration of a person’s intellectual functioning |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | (ALS) |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | Usually begins with hands
Progresses to shoulders, upper arms, then legs |
Bell’s Palsy | Temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of muscles in the face |
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Pinching or compression of median nerve within the carpal tunnel
Inflammation and swelling of tendons cause intermittent or continuous pain |
Cerebral Concussion | Brief interruption of brain function usually with loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds |
Cerebral Contusion | Small, scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain |
Cerebral Contusion | Bruise of the brain tissue |
Cerebral Contusion | Occurs when brain strikes the inner skull |
Cerebral Palsy | Collective term used to describe congenital brain damage that is permanent but not progressive |
Cerebral Palsy | Characterized by the child’s lack of control of voluntary muscles |
Cerebrovascular Accident | CVA |
Cerebrovascular Accident | Death of a specific portion of brain tissue |
Cerebrovascular Accident | Results from decreased blood flow to that area of the brain |
Cerebrovascular Accident | stroke |
Cerebrovascular Accident | Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) |
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) | Also known as mini strokes |
Cerebral thrombosis | Occurs largely in individuals older than 50 |
Embolism causes an occlusion | Cerebral embolism |
Cerebral hemorrhage | Cerebral vessel ruptures |
Encephalitis | Virus enters CNS when person experiences viral disease such as mumps, measles, or through tick or mosquito bite |
Epilepsy | Syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular electrical activity of the central nervous system, called seizures |
Epilepsy | seizures |
Grand Mal Seizure | Epileptic seizure characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and generalized involuntary muscular contraction |
Petit Mal Seizure | Small seizures in which there is a sudden, temporary loss of consciousness |
Petit Mal Seizure | Lasts only a few seconds
Also known as absence seizures |
Grand Mal Seizure | Vacillates between rigid body extension and an alternating contracting and relaxing of muscles |
Guillain-Bàrré Syndrome | |
Guillain-Bàrré Syndrome | |