Question | Answer |
Skeletal system includes | Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues |
Functions of the Skeletal System | Support, Protection, Movement |
Functions of the Skeletal System | Storage of lipids yellow marrow |
Functions of the Skeletal System | Blood cell production -Hematopoesis (red marrow) |
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | boss/e |
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oss/i |
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oste/o |
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | ost/o |
Bones are classified by | Shape, Internal tissue organization, Bone markings (surface features; marks) |
Long bones | Are long and thin |
Long bones examples | Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes |
Flat bones | Are thin with parallel surfaces |
Flat bones examples | Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae |
Sutural bones | Are small, irregular bones |
Sutural bones examples | Are found between the flat bones of the skull |
Irregular bones | Have complex shapes |
Irregular bones Examples | spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones |
Short bones | Are small and thick |
Short bones Examples | ankle and wrist bones |
Sesamoid bones | Are small and flat, they do not create a joint |
Sesamoid bones | Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
Bone Markings | Depressions or grooves
Along bone surface |
Bone Markings | Projections
Where tendons and ligaments attach
At articulations with other bones |
Bone Markings | Tunnels
Where blood and nerves enter bone |
Structure of a Long Bone | Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis |
Diaphysis | The shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity |
Epiphysis | Wide part at each end
Articulation with other bones
Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
Covered with compact bone (cortex)
Epiphyseal Plate
Distal v/s proximal |
Metaphysis | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet |
Epiphyseal Lines | When long bone stops growing, after puberty
Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line |
Mature Bones As long bone matures | Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity
Osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone |
Periosteum | Covers outer surfaces of bones |
Compact bone | Cortical, Matrix |
Compact bone | Very strong, dense and tough, hard
Mineral deposits=Ca salt deposits
Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessel |
Endosteum | membrane that divides Compact bone from Yellow morrow |
Spongy bone | Honeycomb layer, lighter and slightly flexible |
Bone marrow | where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood=Hematopoesis
In the middle of some bones is jelly-like |
Bone tissue is composed of | Matrix and the Cells |
Minerals: Wo thirds of bone matrix is | -calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 & Other: calcium salts and ions
-One third of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen |
Cells : There are four main types of cells. | Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoclasts: Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that form new bone |
Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells |
Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
Skeletal system includes | Bones of the skeleton
Cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues |
Functions of the Skeletal System | Support
Storage of minerals (calcium( Ca))
Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)
Blood cell production -Hematopoesis (red marrow)
Protection
Movement |
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) | oss/e, oss/i
oste/o, ost/o |
Bones are classified by | Shape
Internal tissue organization
Bone markings (surface features; marks) |
Long bones | Are long and thin
Are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes |
Flat bones | Are thin with parallel surfaces
Are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae |
Sutural bones | Are small, irregular bones
Are found between the flat bones of the skull |
Irregular bones | Have complex shapes |
Irregular bones Examples: | spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones |
Short bones | Are small and thick |
Short bones | Examples: ankle and wrist bones |
Sesamoid bones | Are small and flat, they do not create a joint
Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
Bone Markings: Depressions or grooves | Along bone surface |
Bone Markings: Projections | Where tendons and ligaments attach
At articulations with other bones |
Bone Markings: Tunnels | Where blood and nerves enter bone |
Structure of a Long Bone: Diaphysis | The shaft
A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
A central space called medullary (marrow) cavity |
Structure of a Long Bone: Epiphysis | Wide part at each end
Articulation with other bones
Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
Covered with compact bone (cortex)
Epiphyseal Plate
Distal v/s proximal |
Structure of a Long Bone: Metaphysis | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet |
Epiphyseal Lines | When long bone stops growing, after puberty
Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line |
Mature Bones | As long bone matures
Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity
Osteons form around blood vessels in compact bone |
Periosteum | Covers outer surfaces of bones |
Compact bone | Cortical, Matrix
-Very strong, dense and tough, hard
-Mineral deposits=Ca salt deposits
-Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood vessel |
Endosteum | membrane that divides Compact bone from Yellow morrow |
Spongy bone | Honeycomb layer, lighter and slightly flexible |
Bone marrow | -where new cells are constantly being produced for the blood=Hematopoesis
-In the middle of some bones is jelly-like |
Cells : There are four main types of cells. | Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoprogenitor, Osteoclasts |
Osteoblasts: | Immature bone cells that form new bone |
Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells |
Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
Skeletal System Procedures | Closed reduction
Alignment of fracture bones
Open reduction
Surgical alignment of fractured bones |
Closed reduction | Alignment of fracture bones |
Open reduction | Surgical alignment of fractured bones
Screws, pins, nails, maintain the alignment |
Diagnostic Procedures | DEXA
Bone density
Arthrocentesis
Joint problems |
Treatment for Talipes | Surgery
Releases tightness around the joints
Breaking and resetting ankle bones
Repositions tendons |
Talipes | Congenital
Clubfoot
Foot turns inward at the ankle
Bottom of foot does not touch flat to the ground or other surface |
Congenital Skeletal Conditions | Lordosis
Scoliosis |
Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that form new bone |
Osteocytes | Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
Osteoprogenitor cells | Stem Cells that create other cells |
Osteoclasts | Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis) |
Bone building | osteoblasts |
bone recycling | osteoclasts |
lagunae | Osteocytes are housed |
Lagunaes | -are arranged in concentric lamellae
Around a central canal containing blood vessels
Perforating Canals:
perpendicular to the central canal
carry blood vessels into bone and marrow |
Lamellae | -wrapped around the long bone
-Bind osteons together |