Term | Definition |
Alkenes | carbon carbon double bonds; more reactive than alkanes; sometimes double bond acts as a base and attacks shit |
terminal alkenes | lower bp |
Trans-alkenes | higher mp and lower bp |
Cis-alkenes | high bp cuz polar |
Elimination rxns | synthesizing an alkene; loses halide and H, or water, to form double bond |
E1 | two step intermediate, carbocation, first order substrate, good LG, weak nucleophile |
E2 | one step, second order, strong nucleophile; removes proton and halide at same time to form double bond |
Sn2 vs E2 | strong base favors E2 |
catalytic hydrogenation | addition of H2 to an alkene to form alkane with the help of a metal |
Electrophiles | electron seeking groups |
Markovnikov's Rule | addition of something to the most substituted carbon in the double bond for stability |
Addition of water to alkenes | only under acidic conditions, double bond attacks H+ from acid, then water attaches to cation then H+ is removed to form alcohol |
Free Radical Additons | doesnt follow Mark's Rule. Halide binds to terminal carbon; halide binds then H+ is added |
Hydroboration | when BH3 adds to less sterically hindered carbon of alkene then alcohol group replaces boron; BH3 and THF then H202 and base |
cold KMnO4 Oxidation | produces diols (two OH groups added), syn/cis orientation |
hot KMnO4 with OH- | forms COOH terminally or ketone and CO2 |
Ozonolysis | 1.treating alkene with O3 and Zn gives 2 aldehydes
2. O3 and NaBH4 gives terminal alcohols |
Peroxycarboxylic Acid | CH3CO3H or MCPBA give oxiranes/epoxides when combined with alkenes |
Polymerization | creation of a long high molecular weight chain of repeating subunits |
alkyne | hydrocarbon with triple bond |
Synthesis alkyne | elimination of two molecules of HX but this is not practical
adding an already existing triple bond to carbon skeleton; need strong base to remove H from alkyne to make it a nucleophile that can attack |
Reduction Alkyne | 1. Lindlar's catalyst (BaSO4 and quinoline) give cis alkene
2. Ammonia (liquid) and Na give trans alkene |
Free radicals | anti Mark's rule and X is added first |
Ions | follow Mark's rule (most substituted carbon) and H+ added first |
Alkyne O3 (Ozone) and KMnO4 rnx | both form COOH terminally |