| Flap 1 |
Flap 2 |
| How is stimulus type coded? | Labeled lines – receptors are sensitive to one physical stimulus |
| How is stimulus location coded? | Anatomical pathways or “labeled lines” |
| How is stimulus intensity coded? | Frequency of action potentials |
| How is stimulus duration coded? | Adaptation to sustained stimulus |
| What is recruitment? | Activating more sensory units |
| What is a sensory unit? | A single sensory neuron and its receptor field |
| What is the function of lateral inhibition? | To increase accuracy of perception of stimulus location |
| What is a receptor field? | area of skin that will cause a change in afferent firing |
| Where are rapidly adapting vs. slowing adapting receptors useful? | When sitting the rapidly adapting receptors are helpful so you don’t feel your bum the whole time while slowing adapting is good for posture control or holding your pencil. |
| What are the 2 main ascending sensory pathways? | Specific ascending pathways and nonspecific ascending pathways |
| Where do the 3 neurons in each pathway terminate? | receptor – thalamus - cortex |
| What is the relationship between receptor field size and sensory acuity? | Smaller the receptors size the finer the discrimination. |
| Why are the areas of somatosensory cortex that represent the face, lips, and fingers larger than other areas? | They have more primary sensory neurons needed for find discrimination. |
| Explain the process of the modulation of pain in the CNS | the CNS modifies Pain by releasing opiates, which decrease the pain (analgesia) |
| What is the mechanism for referred pain? | Pain fibers from the visceral organs converge on the same neurons in the spinal cord (non specific pathways) |
| How are the amplitude and frequency of a sound way subjectively experienced? | Volume/Pitch |
| What is the function of the middle ear bones? | Lever to match air movement to fluid mvmt |
| How do hair cells transduce vibrations into a receptor potential? | opening K channels |
| How is the amplitude of a sound coded? | Action potential frequency |
| How is the frequency of a sound coded? | position of the hair cells in the basilar membrane |
| What area of the cortex is responsible for speech perception? | Wernikes |
| Why are there 3 semicircular canals per side and how do they differ? | XYZ alignment- different planes |
| What do semicircular canals transduce? | head movement |
| How are movements in opposite directions coded by the canals? | Depolarization – Stimulation; Hyperpolarization – Inhibition |
| What do the utricle/saccule compartments transduce? | Head position |
| What is the function of the otoliths? | ear rock – they move w/ gravity |
| What is the photosensitive region of the eye? | retina |
| What are the 2 structures of the eye that focus light rays into the retinal surface? | Cornea – major refraction and Lens – adjusts refractions |
| What is accommodation and how does it work? | focuses light at different differences via Lens |
| What is myopia and how is it corrected? | Nearsightedness, concave lens (bending light too much) |
| What is hyperopia and how is it corrected? | farsightedness, convex lens (bending light too little) |
| What’s the difference between rods and cones? | Rods are brightness sensitive, and are located throughout the retina while Cones are light wavelength sensitive and are concentrated on the fovea centralis |
| How is the taste submodalities transduced in general? | open channel – depolarization |
| How are odiferous molecules detected and transduced? | the G protein coupler receptor |
| What brain system is olfactory cortex closely associated with? | The limbic system |
| What are the roles of T tubules? | AP conduction |
| What transmitter/receptor combination is utilized at the neuromuscular junction? | ACh and Nicotinic |
| What is the cellular mechanism responsible for muscle tetany? | increased calcium release |
| What are the 3 sources of energy for muscle contraction? | FA, glycogen, creatine phosphase |
| What are the 2 metabolic processes that are used by muscle fibers? | oxidative phosphorylase and glycolysis |
| What do muscle spindles monitor? | Length |
| What do golgi tendon organs monitor? | Tension |
| What are alpha and gamma motor neurons? | alpha – golgi tendon organ; gamma – muscle spindles |
| What does “reciprocal innervation” refer to? | opposing muscle groups |
| What are antagonistic muscles? | Opposing |
| What are synergistic muscles? | Muscles that work toward the same movement together |
| What is the stretch reflex? | In muscle spindles where during contractions synergistic extensors are activated to increase contractile force |
| What is the function of the stretch reflex? | to stabilize |
| What is the function of the tendon organ reflex? | to prevent over stretching |
| What information is sent to the brain from the muscle spindles? | Proprioception |
| What information is sent to the brain from the withdrawal reflex circuit? | Noiceptor – pain. |
| What area of the CNS control posture? | hindbrain |
| What area of the CNS control locomotion? | midbrain |
| What area of the CNS control Automatic movements and habit formation? | Basal ganglia |
| What area of the CNS control voluntary and fine movement? | Primary motor cortex |
