| ID |
SIG. |
| Geocentric Theory | Created by Claudius Ptolemy. God and saved souls has a location and it also gave humans a role in the universe. |
| Ptolemaic System | Earth in center surrounded by perfect orbs. Beyond the tenth orb was the Empyrean Heaven. |
| Tycho Brahe | Collected data and began to reject the Ptolemaic Theory, but not as much as Copernicus. |
| Johannes Kepler | Created 3 laws of planetary motion which confirmed the heliocentric theory while modifying it using Brahe's data. Believed the universe was created on the basis of geometric figures & the harmony of a human soul mirrored # relationships btwn. planets. |
| Galileo | Telescope led him to support heliocentric theory. |
| Newton | Invented calculus. Wrote "Principia" which explained gravity. |
| Empiricism | All evidence muse dependent on evidence that is observable by the senses. |
| Francis Bacon | "The Great Instauration". Believed that humans had to proceed to know the natural world incorrectly. Created a new scientific method based on inductive principles. |
| Rene Descartes | "Discourse on Method". Belief in doubt and reason. Also in separation of mind and matter. Father of modern rationalism. |
| Thomas Hobbes | "Leviathan". Need of absolute monarchy b/c humans are like animals. |
| John Locke | "Two Treatises on Government". Humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war. |
| Margaret Cavendish | Participated in scientific debates. "Observations upon Experimental Philosophy" and "Grounds of Natural Philosophy". |
| Maria Winkelmann | Assisted her husband. Found a comet. |
| William Harvey | "On the Motion of Heart and Blood". Proved that the heart was the beginning point of circulation of blood in the body. |
| Andreas Vesalius | "On the Fabric of the Human Body". Hands-on approach. |
| Paracelus | Father of Modern Medicine. Rejected the work of Aristotle and Galen and made his own chemical philosophy. |
| Benedict de Spinioza | "Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner". Believed that humans do not understand human nature. |
| Blaise Pascal | Believed that God cared for human souls. "Pensees". Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity. |
| Bernard de Fontenelle | "Plurality of Worlds". Made science a part of literature and made it easier for the elite to understand. |
| Pierre Bayle | Attacked superstition, intolerance, and dogmatism. "Historical and Critical Dictionary". Believed that compelling people to a religion was wrong and that the new rational principles of textual criticism should be applied to the Bible & Secular Documents. |
| Voltaire | Compared life in England and France. Against Royal Absolutism. Championed Deism. |
| Denis Diderot | "Encyclopedia". Purpose was to change the general way of thinking. |
| D. Hume | "Treatise on Human Nature". |
| Montesquieu | "Persian Letters". Criticized French gov't. "The Spirit of the Laws". Attempted to apply the scientific method to the social and political area. Distinguished 3 typed of gov't. |
| Cesare Beccaria | "On Crimes and Punishments". Believed that punishments should serve only as deterrents. Opposed Capital Punishment. |
| Adam Smith | "The Wealth of Nations". Strong attack on Mercantilism. Laissez-faire. |
| Jean-Jaques Rousseau | "Discourse on the origins of the Inequality of Mankind". Humans were happy with no laws. "The Social Contract". Tried to harmonize individual liberty with government authority. |
| Mary Astell | "A Serious Proposal to Ladies". Believed that women need to be better educated. "Some Reflections Upon Marriage". Called for equality of the sexes in marriage. |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | "Vindication of the Rights of Women". Argued that women should have equal rights as men. |
| Baron Paul d'Holbach | "System of Nature". Everything on the universe consisted of matter in motion and humans were simply machines. God was made up and unnecessary. |
| Marie-Jean de Condorcet | "The Progress of the Human Mind". Humans progressed through 9 stages in history. |
| Neoclassical | Act against Rococo style. Rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves. |
| Rococo | Classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. |
| Jacques-Louis David | "Oath of the Horatti" Neoclassical. |
| Bach | Baroque musical style. Known for cantatas and motets. |
| Handel | Baroque musical style. Known for religious music. |
| Haydn | Classical era. "The Creation" and "The Seasons" |
| Mozart | Italian comic opera. |
| Samuel Richardson | Wrote novel "Pamela: or, Virtue Regarded". |
| Henry Fielding | Wrote novels about people without scruples who survived by their wits. |
| Edward Gibbon | "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" |
| Sephardic Jews | Jews that were expelled from Spain in the 15th century. Most moved to Turkish lands, but some moved to cities and prospered in banking and commercial activities. |
| Zinzendorf | Spread pietism. He believed that the personal experience of God constitutes as true religious experience. Opposed the "rational" ideas of the Lutheran church. |
| John Wesley | He believed that all could be saved by experiencing God and opening the doors to his grace. |
