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PHI 302 Chapter 6
Furbush PHI 302 Chapter 6
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Determinism (or universial causion) | For every effect, event, or occurance in reality, a cause or cause exits |
Religious determinism (predestination) | the theory that if God is all-powerful and all-knowing, he must have predestined everything that occurs |
Problems with Religious Determinism | *How do you prove God exists? *Why bother with the religion's moral code? *Most salvation theories require free will |
Scientific Determinism (Phyical) | Newton said that everything in physical in nature and is determined by natural laws, like the law of gravity |
Problems with scientific (physical) determinism | *natural laws state probabilities, not certainities *Modern physics has raised doubts about Newton's Physics |
Biological & Genetic Deteriminism | Human nbeings are totally determined by their genetic makeup (our DNA) over which we have no control |
Problem with Biological or genetic determinism | *reduce human beings to strictly the physical--no possibility of a mental or spiritual side |
Nature vs. Nurture | Is our behavior determined by our DNA or our suuroundings? |
Social-Cultural Determinism | Humans are completely determined by their past and present history and cultures |
Problems with Social-Cultural Determinism | *Difficult to prove an absolute mind that exists without a body *Other theories of history are just as plausible |
Economic Determinism | Karl Marz believed that humans are determined by economic struggles that will lead to a classless society |
Problems with Economic Determinism | *Other theories can equally be true *Non-economic influences exist |
Psychological Determinism (Freud) | Based on Freud's work--humans are effected by our unconcious drives & attempts to repress them Problem:too general to be based in fact |
Psychological Deteriminism (BF Skinner) | Humans are physical beings who actions are determined by external stimului Problem: based on completely materialistic view of humans & too general May be true for some situations but not all |
Fatalism | belief that all events are fixed and predetermined and humans cannot alter them in any way |
Hard Determinism | theory that all events are caused outside of the control of humans |
Soft Determinism | maintains that there is universial causion but they believe some of these causes starts in humans giving humans some freedom and control |
Indeterminism | There is a certain amount of freedom--not everything is caused; William James beieves that our striving for good illustrated some human freedom |
Problems with Indeterminism | *based on wishful thinking *little evidence that uncaused things exist *based more on chance than human freedom |
Problem of Hard Determinsim | *does not take into account the complexity of humans *Humans are creative and not passive receivers of life |
Arguement for Soft Determinism | *allows us to assign moral responsibility to humans |