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urine 4
10-11-12-13-14
Question | Answer |
---|---|
*Cavity surrounding lungs *Lined by two separate membranes in close proximity to each other *Contains a small amount of fluid that serves as a lubricant during respiration | Pleural cavity |
Cavity surrounding abdominal organs | peritoneal cavity |
What Consists of two areas: the Greater sac & Lesser sac? | Peritoneal Cavity |
*Sac surrounding the heart *Also lined by two separate membranes in close proximity to each other *Space allows heart to contract easier | Pericardial cavity |
What are the General Features of Body Cavities? | 1)Two thin layers of tissue lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells *Parietal layer: outer layer near wall of cavities, site of fluid production *Visceral layer: inner layer near internal organs, site of fluid absorption |
What are the General Features of Body Cavities? | 2)Form an enclosed space that forms a sac |
True or False: A small amount of serous fluid fills each cavity Called serous fluid since it resembles the composition of serum | True:A small amount of serous fluid fills each cavity Called serous fluid since it resembles the composition of serum |
True or False:The cavity is considered a potential space | True:The cavity is considered a potential space |
True or False:Normally, there is not enough fluid to aspirate Aspiration only takes place when an effusion is present | True:Normally, there is not enough fluid to aspirate Aspiration only takes place when an effusion is present |
True or False:Effusion – a build-up of fluid within a body cavity | True:Effusion – a build-up of fluid within a body cavity |
Describe the Serous Fluid Formation process. | *Filtration of plasma through capillary endothelial cells (in normal conditions) *Reabsorption by lymphatic vessels *Fluid in each cavity is constantly being turned over |
True or False: Serous Fluid Formation is Controlled by several pressures | True: Serous Fluid Formation is Controlled by several pressures |
Synovium | joint space contains synovial fluid |
*Color: Clarity - pale yellow and clear *Plasma is filtered through capillary endothelial cells *Synovial lining cells add hyaluronic acid to the filtrate | Synovial fluid |
1-3 cell layers in thickness Cellular criteria resemble mesothelial cells | Synovial lining cells |
What is the Composition of synovial fluid? | *Hyaluronic acid *Collagenases (degradative enzymes) *Small amount of plasma protein |
What are the Functions of synovial fluid | *Supplies nutrients to cartilage in joint *Acts as a lubricant to facilitate movement of the joint |
Arthrocentesis | Synovial Fluid Aspiration |
Normal total volume of fluid in a joint | up to 3.0 mL |
True or false: Normal joint fluid does not clot Clotting occurs in inflammatory conditions | True: Normal joint fluid does not clot Clotting occurs in inflammatory conditions |
True or False: Synovial Fluid has a high viscosity, forms strings up to 6cm in length & should not have consistency of water | True:Synovial Fluid has a high viscosity, forms strings up to 6cm in length & should not have consistency of water |
Hematology Specimen Requirements: | 2-5 mL in EDTA |
Microbiology Specimen Requirements: | 3-10 mL in a sterile sodium heparin container |
Chemistry Specimen Requirements: | 1-3 mL, no anticoagulant needed |
Cytology Specimen Requirements: | 5-50 mL in sodium heparin, larger volumes increases the chance of seeing cellular elements |
True or False: Fluid should NOT be submitted in powder anticoagulants, such as oxalate as it Can form crystals as an artifact | True : Fluid should NOT be submitted in powder anticoagulants, such as oxalate as it Can form crystals as an artifact |
True or False: Blood sample can be taken at the same time to compare plasma to fluid values | True:Blood sample can be taken at the same time to compare plasma to fluid values |
Diseases of the joint are separated into groups: Name them | Group 1 – Non-inflammatory Group 2 – Inflammatory Group 3 – Septic Group 4 – Hemorrhagic |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:*Osteoarthritis -Noninflammatory degenerative joint disease *Pigmented villonodular synovitis -Both joints involved, hemosiderin deposited in joint *Traumatic arthritis | Group 1 - Noninflammatory |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:*Yellow Clear *Good visocisty *WBC=<2000/mcL *Neutrophil - greater than 30% *Glucose= normal *Yellow Clear *Good visocisty *WBC=<2000/mcL *Neutrophil - greater than 30% *Glucose= nor | Group 1 - Noninflammatory |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:*Immunologic *Rheumatoid arthritis *Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) *Rheumatic fever -Inflammation of joints and damage to heart valve due to streptococcal infection *Other | Group 2 - Inflammatory |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:*Yellow cloudy *Poor viscosity *WBC= 2000-5000/mcL *Neutrophils -Greater than 50% *Glucose= decreased *Antibodies present | Group 2 - Inflammatory |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply: *Crystal induced *Crystal synovitis *Gout -Uric acid crystals *Pseudogout -Calcium pyrophosphate | Group 2 - Inflammatory |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:-Yellow cloudy or milky -Poor viscosity -WBC=up to 50000/mcL -Neutrophils Greater than 90% -Glucose= decreased -Uric acid =increased (gout) -Crystals present | Group 2 - Inflammatory |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:-Bacterial -Mycobacterial -Fungal -Viral -Spirochetal | Group 3 - Septic |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:-Yellow-green, Cloudy -Poor viscosity -WBC= 10,000 -200,000 /mcL -Neut= greater than 90% -Glucose decreased -Positive gram stain and culture | Group 3 - Septic |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:-Trauma -Anticoagulation induced bleeding -Thrombocytopenia -Pigmented villonodular synovitis -Synovial hemangioma -Tumor | Group 4 – Hemorrhagic |
Name the Synovial Group to which the following values apply:-Red cloudy -Poor viscosity -WBC= less than 5000/mcL -Neut less than 50% -Glucose normal -RBC present -Clot due to fibrinogen from blood | Group 4 – Hemorrhagic |
Amber synovial fluid: | possible breakdown of hemoglobin |
Red colored synovial fluid: | presence of blood. |
Turbib Synovial fluid: | Due to an increase number of inflammatory cells or crystals. |
Green synovial fluid: | infections |
Milky | Tuberculosis, SLE |
All of the following are secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas except: A. bile salts B. chymotrypsin C. lipase D. elastase 1 | Bile Salts |
State whether each of the following scenarios relates to osmotic diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, or altered motility: Staphylococcal food poisoning | A. osmotic diarrhea B. secretory diarrhea C. altered motility Secretory Diarrhea |
In the Van de Kamer method for quantitative fecal fat determinations, fecal lipids are: | converted to fatty acids before titrating with sodium hydroxide |
Stools from persons with steatorrhea contain excess amounts of: | fat |
The Apt test should not be performed on a black, tarry stool. | True |
When performing microscopic examination of a stool for muscle fibers, the structures that are counted: | have vertical and horizontal striations |
Microscopic screening of a pale, frothy stool from a patient with prolonged diarrhea is performed for fecal neutrophils, fats, and meat fibers. The fecal neutrophil examination result is negative, increased large and small orange droplets are seen in the | Bile salts |
To prevent false-positive fecal occult blood tests, patients should avoid eating all of the following for 3 days before testing except: | chicken |
Crystals seen in a stool after it has been mixed with acetic acid and Sudan III and heated may be composed of: | cholesterol fatty acid soaps |
Large orange-red droplets seen on direct microscopic examination of stools mixed with Sudan III represent: | neutral fats |
The A450 of an amniotic fluid is plotted in zone 3 of a Liley graph. The physician should: | . request testing for fetal lung maturity |
Lamellar bodies contain: | phospholipids |
Analysis of amniotic fluid bilirubin levels is performed using: | spectrophotometry |
A dark yellow amniotic fluid is caused by: | bilirubin |
Alpha fetoprotein is produced by the fetal: | liver |
An amniotic fluid optical density at 650 nm of 0.180 correlates with: | a lamellar body count over 32,000/L |
A second amniocentesis is performed on a diabetic woman believed to be at approximately 35 weeks gestation. She is pregnant with her second child, and the bilirubin A450 on the first amniocentesis was in zone 2 of the Liley graph. If the bilirubin A450 is | Fluorescence polarization assay |
An amniocentesis is performed on a woman believed to be at approximately 15 weeks gestation. A possible abnormality has been observed on her sonogram, and her serum alpha fetoprotein is elevated. What additional test could be performed if the alpha fetopr | Acetylcholinesterase |
To differentiate between maternal and fetal blood in blood-streaked amniotic fluid, the fluid is tested for: | fetal hemoglobin |
A technical error that could produce a falsely low fetal lung maturity test is: | centrifuging the specimen at too high a speed |
Which of the following structures contain(s) one-way valves? | Arachnoid granulations |
The third tube of CSF collected from a lumbar puncture should be used for: | hematology tests |
Measurement of CSF lactate is useful in monitoring cases of: | bacterial meningitis |
An IgG index greater than 0.77 is indicates: | . synthesis of IgG within the |
Calculate the WBC count in the following from the information provided: Using a 1:10 dilution, 120 cells are counted in the four large corner squares on one side of the hemocytometer. | . 3000 cells/L |
The IgG index is a comparison between the: | CSF/serum albumin index and CSF/serum IgG index |
An unknown fluid can be identified as CSF by determining the: | presence of “tau” transferrin |
Oligoclonal bands are significant in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis when: | they are seen in the CSF and not in the serum |
When choroid plexus cells are present in the CSF, they: | may resemble clusters of malignant cells |
The presence of macrophages containing hematoidin crystals indicates a recent hemorrhage. | False |
CSF is formed in the _______________ and reabsorbed by the _______________. | choroid plexus, arachnoid granulations |
Normal CSF protein differs from serum protein by the: | absence of fibrinogen |
A patient previously diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency arrives in the emergency room with symptoms of meningitis. A lumbar puncture is performed. What type of meningitis would most probably be suspected in this patient? | Fungal |
A CSF glutamine level is an indirect measure of CSF: | ammonia |
Xanthochromic CSF may appear pink, orange, or yellow. | True |
Cells seen in the CSF following pneumoencephalography are: | choroid plexus |
The CSF/serum albumin index is performed to determine: | the integrity of the blood-brain barrier |
A CSF lactate level should not be performed on a xanthochromic specimen. | True |
A lumbar puncture is performed on a 40-year-old man experiencing symptoms of blurred vision and numbness in his extremities. Results are: Appearance: Colorless, clear Albumin: 40 mg/dL (Serum: 5 g/dL) WBC count: 32 cells/L IgG globulin: 15 mg/dL (Serum: 2 | Decreased blood-brain barrier integrity & Neural IgG synthesis |
Using the following laboratory results, determine whether they represent bacterial, viral, tubercular, or fungal meningitis: WBC count: 400/L WBC count: 400/L Lymphocytes: 90% Glucose: 70 mg/dL Monocytes: 8% Blood glucose: 100 mg/dL Neutrophils: 2% Lactat | Viral |
Abnormal sperm morphology is determined by: | head and tail morphology and size |
An increased amount of prostatic fluid in a semen specimen will: | lower the pH |
The following results were obtained on a semen analysis: Volume: 1.5 mL Sperm concentration: 5 million/mL Viscosity: 2.0 Sperm motility: >50%—Grade 3 pH: 7.6 Sperm morphology: <50% abnormal What is the sperm count for this specimen? A. 7.5 million/mL | 7.5 million/mL |
Semen viscosity is most closely related to: | specimen liquefaction |
Before analysis semen specimens should be: | allowed to liquefy |
When using routine morphology criteria, the normal value is greater than: | 30% normal forms |
Prior to reporting a postvasectomy specimen as negative for the presence of sperm, the specimen must be: | centrifuged |
Development of male antisperm antibodies can be caused by all of the following except: | prolonged abstinence |
A semen pH of 6.0 is associated with a decrease in prostatic fluid. | False |
Evaluation of sperm motility includes: | determining slow and fast movement differentiation between forward and lateral movement |
Which of the following crystals would most likely be present in conjunction with calcium pyrophosphate crystals in synovial fluid? | Hydroxyapatite |
Examination of synovial fluid under direct polarized light reveals intracellular needle-shaped crystals that appear white against the black background. When a red compensator is added and the crystals are aligned with the slow vibration, they appear yello | . monosodium urate showing negative birefringence |
A turbid synovial fluid with yellow-green color is indicates: | infection |
Fluid obtained from the knee of a 60-year-old man who has been experiencing episodes of severe pain for several years has the following results: Appearance: Yellow, slightly milky Glucose: 60 mg/dL (blood glucose: 90 mg/dL) WBC count: 60,000/L Gram's stai | Degenerative |
Fluid obtained from the knee of a 60-year-old man who has been experiencing episodes of severe pain for several years has the following results: Appearance: Yellow, slightly milky Glucose: 60 mg/dL (blood glucose: 90 mg/dL) WBC count: 60,000/L Gram's stai | Blue |
Fat droplets seen in synovial fluid are associated with: A. crush injuries B. chronic inflammation C. sepsis D. both A and B | crush injuries and chronic inflammation |
In the Ropes' or mucin clot test, normal synovial fluid: | forms a solid clot when added to glacial acetic acid |
All of the following diseases are frequently associated with joint disorders except: A. Lyme disease B. tuberculosis C. lupus erythematosus D. rheumatoid arthritis | tuberculosis |
Neutrophils that contain precipitated rheumatoid factor in their cytoplasm are called: | macrophages |
Before performing a cell count on highly viscous synovial fluid, it may be necessary to incubate the fluid with: | hyaluronidase |
Increased serous fluid can be caused by all of the following except: | increased plasma sodium |
A blood-streaked pleural fluid has a fluid-to-serum cholesterol ratio of 0.45, a WBC count of 20,000/L, increased neutrophils, glucose: 40 mg/dL (serum 100 mg/dL), and a pH of 6.8. Is this fluid a transudate or exudate? | Exudate |
Elevated pleural fluid amylase can be indicative of all of the following except: A. pancreatitis | tuberculosis |
Additional testing is most frequently performed on transudates rather than exudates. | . False |
A peritoneal fluid with a positive CEA and a negative CA 125 indicates: | gastrointestinal malignancy |
A fluid obtained by thoracentesis has a cholesterol of 100 mg/dL. This would be classified as a/an: | pleural exudate |
Ascitic fluid from a patient with symptoms of severe abdominal pain has an elevated amylase and alkaline phosphatase, a WBC count of 30,000/L, an absolute neutrophil count of 80%, and albumin of 3.5 mg/dL (serum albumin: 4.0 mg/dL). What disorder is sugg | Peritonitis |
A pleural fluid delivered to the laboratory in ice would be accompanied by a requisition to test for: | pH |
The cells lining the pleural cavities are primarily: | neutrophils |
Which of the following tests is valuable in the diagnosis of esophageal rupture? | Pleural fluid pH |