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DAT ch 5

bio- vascular and immune sys from coursesaver notes

QuestionAnswer
Hemoglobin binds CO w/ much greater affinity than myoglobin
Myoglobin single chain, stores O2 in muscle
Blood flow aorta => arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => veins
Capillaries single layer walls; exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes
Atria upper chambers of heart
Ventricles lower chambers of heart
Right Side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation
Left Side of heart pumps oxygenated blood into systematic circulation
pulmonary vein & umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood (unlike other veins)
Ductus venosus allows blood to bypass the liver
Foramen ovale allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation by entering the left atria directly from the right atria
Ductus arteriosus conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypassing the lungs)
Lymphatic System collect interstitial fluid and return it to circulatory system maintaining balance of body fluids; second function: collect chylomicrons from small intestine; can initiate an immune response against anything foreign
Interstitial fluid main component of extracellular fluid of multicellular animals; has a diff. composition depending on type of surrounding tissue & area of the body
Blood is composed of both liquid (55%) and cellular components (45%)
Plasma is liquid portion of blood – mix of salts, gases, wastes, hormones
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) come from stem cells in bone marrow; oxygen carrying component; contains tons of hemoglobin; phagocytized after 120 days
Leukocytes (white blood cells) protective functions; some phagocytize foreign matter, others migrate from blood to tissue; ex macrophages and lymphocytes
Platelets cell fragments, lack nuclei; involved in clot formation; come from fragmentation of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
Clotting platelets that come into contact w/ exposed collagen release chemical that adheres platelets to one another forming a PLUG.
clotting reaction chain thromboplastin to convert prothrombin => thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen => fibrin; fibrin coats damaged area and traps blood cells to form a CLOT
Cardiac Output (CO) = SV (stroke volume) X HR (heart rate)
Stroke volume volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction. Stroke volume = end systolic volume – end diastolic volume.
Cardiac output volume discharged from ventricle each minute.
Sodium-Calcium Channel when open allow both Na+ & Ca2+ down gradient; stay open longer than fast sodium channels; causing membrane depolarization to last longer in cardiac muscle
intercalated disks hold together adjacent cells of cardiac muscle, allow cardiac muscles fibers to transmit electrical impulses rapidly (disks have low resistance to impulses)
Immune system composed of two mechanisms; humoral and cell mediated
Humoral production of antibodies; ** humoral doesn’t joke around, its really “anti-humoral” (humoral = antibodies)**
Antibodies/immunoglobulins classes – IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG (MADEG)]; they are complex proteins that bind to specific antigens
Binding of an antibody may directly inactivate the antigen, can induce phagocytocis by macrophages, on surface can activate the complement system to form holes in the cell membrane and lyse the cell
“complement” system chemical defense system to destroy microorganisms, complements immune system; serum proteins
Cell Mediated involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection; T helper cells activate B cells & T Killer cells; T helper is central controller of immune system
Innate Skin, macrophages engulf foreign material, inflammatory response (injured cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate)
interferons small proteins made by most body cells after a viral attack; class of glycoproteins called cytokines; produced in response to bacterial, parasitic, and foreign agents, including tumors
Macrophages large white blood cells derived from monocytes, engulfs antigen and presents it to T cells
mast cells histamine release
Plasma cells antibody production
neutrophils phagocytic cells (do NOT develop into macrophages)
ABO blood types Type AB = universal recipient / Type O = universal donor
Phosphate buffer system maintains pH of internal fluids of all cells; H2PO4- and HPO42- act as acid & base; amphoteric
Bicarbonate buffer maintains pH of extracellular fluid; HCO3- & H2CO3, amphoteric
Rh factor another antigen that can be present on red blood cells / + or -/ can lead to pregnancy issues if the mother carries anti-Rh antibodies
Translocation circulation in plants
gibberlins plant hormones that may induce certain plants to flower & stem elongation
ethylene stimulates fruit ripening
abscisic acid inhibitor of plant growth hormones
Cytokinins plant hormones that promote cell division
Xylem thick walled; carry water and minerals UP plant / 3 mechanisms
Transpiration Pull vacuum created from water evaporation on leaves
Capillary action liquid rises due to surface tension and interactions b/w liquid and tube
Root Pressure water enters and pressures the water up the stem
Phloem thin walled; on outside of vascular bundle; transport nutrients DOWN
Cambium two layers thick; undifferentiated cells, give rise to xylem/ phloem; type of meristem
Fibrovascular bundle – xylem, phloem, and cambium layers
Meristem actively dividing, undifferentiated cells
Created by: xeenie
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