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Pharmacology Chap 1
Introduction to Pharmacology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Pharmacology | The study of drugs |
Drugs | Chemical substance that produces a change in body function. |
Pharacodynamics | Study of the action of drugs on living tissue. |
Pharmacokinetics | Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
Pharmacotherapeutics | Study of the use of drugs in treating disease. |
Pharmacy | Science of preparing and dispensing medicines. |
Posology | Study of the amount of a drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects. |
Toxicology | Study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue. |
where do drugs come from? | They are chemically synthesized in pharmaceutical laboratories. |
Poppy plant (papver somniferum) | The plant where the analgesics morphine and codeine are obtained from. |
Purple Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) | The plant where the heart drug digitalis are obtained from. |
Bark of the Cinchona tree | The plant where the antimalaral drug quinine is obtained from. |
Yew Tree | The plant where the anticancer drug Paclitaxel is obtained from. |
Pig | Living organism where the hormone insulin is obtained from. |
Pituitary glands | Living organism where the growth hormone is obtained from. |
bacteria | Living organism where the antibiotics such as cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are obtained from. |
How do Drugs produce effects | By influencing the function of cells |
What are the therapeutic uses of drugs referred to? | drug indication, meaning indications for use |
What does the term contraindiction refer to? | situation or circumstance when a particular drug should not be administered. |
What are adverse affects? | General term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect. |
Toxic effects (toxicity) | Undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threatening. |
Site of action | Location within the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect |
hypothalamus | the site of action of aspirin to reduce fever. |
What is a Mechanism of action | explains how a drug produces its effects |
How do local anesthetic agents product a loss of pain sensation. | By interrupting nerve conduction in sensory nerves. |
Receptor Sites | Chemical structures that a drug attaches itself too. |
Drug action | The attachment, or binding, of a drug to its receptors that begins a series of cell change. |
What are morphine, or opioid receptors? | They are the receptors for morphine located in the brain. |
What are agonists? | Drugs that bind to a receptor and activates a physiologic response or drug action. |
What are antagonists(blocking drugs)? | Drug that binds to a receptor and inteferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect. |
What is Naloxone? | a morphine antagonist administered to prevent, or antagonize, the effects of cases of morphine overdoses. |
What is uncompetitive antagonism? | Occurs when the antagonist drug interferes with the agonist drug action, but not by binding to the same receptor. |
Chemical name | Name that defines the chemical composition of a drug. |
Controlled substance | Drug that has the potential for abuse, which is regulated by law. |
dose | Measurement of the amount of drug that is administered |
Drug indications | Intended or indicated uses for any drug. |
ED50 | Median Effective Dose (produces desired effect in 50% percent of population) |
Generic name | nonproprietary name of a drug. |
LD50 | Lethal dose 50, or dose that will kill 50 percent of the laboratory animals tested |
Nonprescription, over-the-count (OTC) drug | Drugs that can be purchased without the services of a physician. |
Potency | Measurement of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect. |
prescription drug | Drug for which dispensing can only be issued under the direction of a licensed physician. |
Therapeutic effect | Desired drug effect to alleviate some condition, symptom or disease. |
Therapeutic index | Ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 in animal studies (it gives an estimate of the relative safety of a drug) |
Trade name | Patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name. |
Dose-response relationship | The response to any drug depends on the amount of drug given. |
dose-response curve | When the relationship between the dose and the response is plotted as a graph. |
maximal response | 100% response |
Ceiling effect | When further increases in dose do not produce any greater effect. |
Graded dose-response curve | When the increases in drug dosage are plotted against the increases in drug response. |
Time-plasma drug concentration curve | The relationship of time and the plasma drug concentration |
Duration of Action | The length of time that a drug continues to produce its effect. |
Plasma drug concentration | Correlates with the onset, duration, and termination of a drug action. |
Onset of action | The time from drug administration to the first observable effect |
termination of drug action | When the plasma drug concentration falls below the therapeutic range. |
What two major requirements must a drug fulfill before it is approved by the FDA? | Proof of effectiveness and safety. |
Therapeutic index(TI) equation is express as? | TI= LD50/ED50 |
Thalidomide | Drugs that produce birth defects. |
Carcinogens | Drugs that promote the growth of cancerous tumors |
idiosyncrasy | Drug with an unusual or unexpected response. |
Drug Allergy | Occurs when an individual becomes sensitized to a particular drug |
Antigen-antibody reactions | Reactions that involve the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from cells known as mast cells. |
Inflammatory mediators | Produce the characteristic symptoms of allergy, which includes rashes, hives, itching, nasal secretion, hypotension, and brochocontriction. |
anaphylaxis | Serious allergic reactions, which include severe hypotension, respiratory difficulties, and cardiovascular collapse. |
United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) Updated every five years | The official drug list recognized by the U.S. government. |
Physician' Desk Reference (PDR) Updated yearly | Reference most widely used by physicians, pharmacists, and nurses for information relating to the use of drugs in the practice of medicine. |
Drug Facts and Comparisons (F&C) updated monthly | Loose-leaf index and drug information service subscribed to by most medical libraries. |
United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP DI) | Published by the United State Pharmacopeial convention annually. |
Volume I Drug Information for the Health Care Professional | Provides in-depth information about prescription and over-the-counter medications, and nutritional supplements. |
Volume II Advice for the Patient - American Formulatory Service ( Updated Yearly) | Provides detailed drug information |
Controlled Substances | Drugs that have the potential for abuse |
Schedule I | Drugs with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use. heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana |
Schedule II | Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use. Morphine and pure codeine, cocaine, amphetamines, short-acting barbiturates(amobarbital, secobarbital), nabilone |
Schedule III | Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use barbiturates, dronabinol, anabolic steroids, preparations containing codeine plus another drug) |
Schedule IV | Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use. (Phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, zolpidem, Librium, Valium) |
Schedule V | Drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use. (diphenoxylate, lomotil, codeine) |