Cardiovascular system

Question	Answer
Functions of blood	Transport, regulation, protection
Transports	Gases, nutrients to the tissues, waste products from the tissues and hormones
Regulates	pH of body, amount of fluid in tissues, and body temperature
Protects	Against pathogens and blood loss
Blood plasma	Liquid portion of unclotted blood
Plasma proteins	Proteins found in plasma including albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens
Albumins	Help regulate blood pressure
Globulins	Help with transport and immunity
Fibrinogens	Assist in blood clotting
Blood serum	Liquid portion of clotted blood, Plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting factors removed so blood clotting is minimized
Formed elements	Blood cells and platelets
Blood is ___% plasma	55
Blood is ___% leukocytes and thrombocytes	<1
Blood is ___% erythrocytes	45
Plasma is ____% water	90
Plasma is ___% proteins	8
Plasma is ___% acids and salts	2
Red blood cells	Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nuclei, constitute about 45% of whole blood, depending on gender, have a life span of about 120 days
Erythrocytes	Red blood cells
Hemoglobin	Oxygen carrying molecule made from iron, found in erythrocytes
Leukocytes	White blood cells
White blood cells	Cells responsible for the body's defenses
Throbocytes	Platelets
Platelets	Cell fragments without nuclei that assist in clotting, have a life span of about 9 days
Hemostasis	Process of blood clotting starting with muscle contraction in response to injury, proceeds to platelet plug formation and ends with blood clot formation
Contraction	Smooth muscle of the blood vessel constricts when damaged or cut
Platelet plug	Platelets in the region of damage become sticky and bind together with other platelets, blood cells, and the walls of the vessel
Blood clot	Prothrombin is converted into thrombin, fibronigen into fibrin and fibrin threads form the clot
Thrombin	Enzyme that causes blood to clot by catalysing the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin
Prothrombin	Plasma protein, one of the coagulation factors and the precursor of thrombin, prothrombin is synthesized in the liver with the help of vitamin K
Fibrinogen	Substance present in blood plasma that causes blood coagulation
Fibrin	White, insoluble protein formed by the chemical fibrinogen to form blood clots
Antigen	Protein bound to surface of a cell, gives the cell identity
Antibody	Component of immune system that attaches to a specific antigen, binds cells with other similar cells which prepares cells for phagocytosis, the body produces antibodies only for foreign antigens
Immunoglobulin	Antibody
Opsonization	Process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis
Blood transfusion	Infusion of red blood cells into a living body, requires blood typing to match recipient with appropriate donor
Endocardium	Inner layer of the heart, composed of epithelial and connective tissues
Myocardium	Thick middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue that contracts regularly
Epicardium	Outer covering or membrane of the heart, composed mostly of connective tissue
Pericardium	Loose-fitting sac around the heart, composed of serous membranes
Right atrium	Upper right chamber, receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right ventricle	Lower right chamber, pumps blood to the lungs
Left atrium	Upper left chamber, receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left ventricle	Lower left chamber, pumps blood to the body
Hematocrit	Red blood cell count
Diapedesis	Ability to squeeze through tiny pores in capillary walls and escape into tissues
Macrophage	White blood cell, large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions
Clotting factors	Any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
Hemophilia	Inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting
Universal donor	Blood type O negative
Universal recipient	Blood type AB postitive
A positive blood	Antigens A, Rh; antibodies B
B positive blood	Antigens B, Rh; antibodies A
AB positive blood	Antigens A, B, Rh; antibodies none
O positive blood	Antigens Rh; antibodies A, B
A negative blood	Antigens A; antibodies B, Rh
B negative blood	Antigens B; antibodies A, Rh
AB negative blood	Antigens A, B; antibodies Rh
O negative blood	Antigens none; antibodies A, B, Rh
Interatrial septum	Partition between the two atria, composed mostly of fibrous tissue
Interventricular septum	Partition between the two ventricles, composed mostly of myocardium
Atrioventricular valves	Valves that seperate atria and ventricles
Tricuspid valve	Seperates right atrium from right ventricle
Bicuspid valve	Seperates left atrium from left ventricle
Mitral valve	Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves	Valves that seperate ventricles from blood vessels attatched to them
Pulmonary semilunar valve	Seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve	Seperates left ventricle from aorta
Chordae tendineae	Strong chords that stretch from the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valve to the heart muscle and restrict how far the valve leaflets swing when they close
Cardiac cycle	Cycle involving periods of systole and diastole to fill and empty the chambers of the heart
Systole	Contraction of myocardium
Diastole	Relaxation of myocardium
Conduction pathway of the heart	Specialized strands of cardiac muscle tissue that coordinate rhythmic contractions of the heart
Sinoatrial node	Acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart, situated in the posterior wall of the right atrium
Atrioventricular bundle	Short bundle of fibers at the top of the interventricular septum that relay the nervous impulse from the atrioventricular node to the left and right ventricles
Bundle of His	Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches	Two branches that extend from the atrioventricular bundle and bring impulse down the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers	Small fibers at the ends of the bundle branches that connect to and stimulate contraction of the myocardium
Cardiac output	Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume of the heart by the heart rate
Stroke volume	Volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle every time it beats
Heart rate	Number of times the ventricles contract per minute
Coronary arteries	Blood vessels that take blood to the heart tissue
Coronary veins	Blood vessels that drain the heart tissue
Coronary sinus	Collects blood from the coronary veins
Bradycardia	Slow heart rate
Tachycardia	Fast heart rate
Arteries	Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles	Small arteries
Veins	Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Venules	Small veins
Capillaries	Small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules where exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones takes place
Pulmonary vessels	All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Systemic vessels	All of the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the body
Tunica externa	External layer of connective tissue
Tunica media	Middle layer made up of smooth muscle tissue
Tunica intima	Layer of squamous epithelial tissue that lines the lumen
Endothelium	Tunica intima
Lumen	Cavity in the vessel through which the blood flows

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