Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch.7/MED126
The Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four organ systems that are essential for the proper functioning of the muscular system are the? | Skeletal, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous |
| The organ system that carries carbon dioxide away from contracting muscles is the? | Circulatory system |
| The organ system that transmits impulses for contraction to muscles is the? | Nervous system |
| The organ system that is moved by muscle is the? | Skeletal system |
| The organ system that ensures adequate oxygen intake for muscles is the? | Respiratory system |
| Muscles are attached to bones by? | Tendons |
| Tendons are made of? | Fibrous connective system |
| The fibers of a tendon merge with the? | Fascia of a muscle and the periosteum of a bone |
| The more stationary attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the? | Origin |
| The more movable attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the? | Insertion |
| Muscles with opposite functions are called? | Antagonists |
| Muscles with the same or similar function are called? | Synergists |
| When a muscle contracts, its specific action is to? | Pull a bone |
| Muscles that move the lower leg must cross the? | Knee joint |
| Muscles that move the forearm must cross the? | Elbow joint |
| The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscle is called? | Muscle tone |
| The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles is called muscle tone, and depends on? | Nerve impulses |
| About 25% of the body's heat at rest is produced by the? | Muscle tone of the skeletal muscles |
| Exercise that involves contraction with movement is called? | Isotonic |
| Exercise that involves contraction without movement is called? | Isometric |
| Having a mental picture of where our muscles are is called? | Muscle sense |
| The sensory receptors in muscles are called? | Stretch receptors |
| Stretch receptors information is essential for? | Muscle sense |
| The contraction of skeletal muscles is initiated by the? | Frontal lobes of the cerebrum |
| What part of the brain coordinates the actions of skeletal muscles? | Cerebellum |
| Conscious muscle sense is a function of the? | Parietal lobes of the cerebrum |
| The integration of unconscious muscle sense is a function of the? | Cerebellum |
| The direct energy source for muscle contraction is? | ATP |
| Two indirect energy sources for muscle contraction are? | Creatine phosphate and glycogen |
| The most abundant energy source for muscle contraction is? | Glycogen |
| In muscles, the waste product creatinine comes from? | Creatine phosphate |
| Creatine phosphate is excreted by the? | Kidneys |
| The simple reaction of cell respiration is: | Glucose+Oxygen converted to Carbon Dioxide+Water+Heat+ATP |
| In cell respiration, what is waste product is produced? | Carbon dioxide |
| In cell respiration, what is produced for muscle contraction? | ATP |
| In cell respiration, what is produced to contribute to body temperature? | Heat |
| In muscles, oxygen is stored by? | Myoglobin |
| The iron-containing protein in muscles is? | Myoglobin |
| Myoglobin's function is to? | Store oxygen |
| Lactic acid is produced in muscles that lack? | Oxygen |
| Lactic acid causes? | Fatigue |
| When oxygen is not present in contracting muscles, what is formed that causes fatigue? | Lactic acid |
| The term oxygen debt refers to a lack of oxygen during the process of? | Cell respiration |
| In the neuromuscular junction, what is the end of the motor neuron called? | Axon terminal |
| In the neuromuscular junction, what is the space called? | Synapse |
| In the neuromuscular junction, what is the membrane of muscle fiber called? | Sarcolemma |
| In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is contained within the? | Axon terminal |
| In the neuromuscular junction, cholinesterase is contained within the? | Sarcolemma |
| In a neuromuscular junction, the impulse is transmitted from the motor neuron by? | Acetylcholine to the muscle fiber |
| In the neuromuscular junction acetylcholine is inactivated by? | Cholinesterase |
| The units of contraction within a muscle fiber are called? | Sarcomeres |
| Within a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains? | Calcium ions |
| Within a sarcomere, the contracting proteins are? | Myosin and actin |
| During polarization, the muscle fiber has a ________ charge outside the membrane and a _________ charge inside? | Positive, negative |
| During polarization, _______ ions are abundant outside the muscle fiber and _______ ions are abundant inside? | Sodium, potassium |
| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, _______ ions rush into the cell? | Sodium |
| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, there is a _______ charge outside the membrane and a _______ charge outside? | Negative, positive |
| During repolarization of a muscle fiber, ________ ions rush out of the cell? | Potassium |
| Depolarization of a muscle fiber is stimulated by? | Acetylcholine |
| Depolarization of a muscle fiber is stimulated by acetylcholine that allows the entry of? | Sodium ions |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, _________ filaments pull _______ filaments toward the center of the sarcomere? | Myosin, actin |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, the inhibiting proteins are? | Troponin and tropomyosin |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, the inhibiting proteins are shifted out of the way by? | Calcium ions |
| During exercise, there is more blood within muscles because of? | Vasodilation within the muscles |
| During exercise, excess heat is given off as _______ increases? | Sweating |
| During exercise, more blood will be circulated to muscles because of increased? | Heart rate |
| The muscle around the eye that closes the eye is the? | Orbicularis oculi |
| The muscle around the mouth that puckers the lips is the? | Orbicularis oculi |
| The muscle attached to the mandible that raises the lower jaw is the? | Masseter |
| The muscle on the shoulder that abducts the arm is the? | Deltoid |
| The muscle on the front of the arm that flexes the forearm is the? | Biceps brachii |
| The muscle on the back of the arm that extends the forearm is the? | Triceps brachii |
| The muscle on the upper back that raises or lowers the shoulder is the? | Trapezius |
| The muscle on the chest that flexes and adducts the arm is the? | Pectoralis major |
| The muscle on the back of the trunk that extends and adducts the arm is the? | Latissimus dorsi; Teres major |
| The muscle on the ventral side of the trunk that flexes the vertebral column is the? | Rectus abdominus |
| The muscle on the buttock that extends the thigh is the? | Gluteus maximus |
| The muscle in the inguinal area that flexes the thigh is the? | Iliopsoas |
| The muscle on the front of the thigh that flexes the thigh is the? | Quadriceps femoris |
| The muscle group on the back of the thigh that extends the thigh is the? | Hamstring group |
| The muscle on the lateral side of the hip that abducts the thigh is the? | Gluteus medius |
| The muscle on the front of the thigh that flexes the thigh and lower leg is the? | Sartorius |
| The muscle group on the medial side of the thigh that adducts the thigh is the? | Adductor group |
| The muscle on the front of the lower leg that dorsiflexes the foot is the? | Tibialis anterior |
| The muscle on the back of the lower leg that plantar flexes the foot is the? | Gastrocnemius; Soleus |
| A synergist to the gastrocnemius is the? | Soleus |
| An antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the? | Tibialis anterior |
| An antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the tibialis anterior, because it? | Dorsiflexes the foot |
| The muscular system includes? | Muscles and accessory structures |
| Muscular system provides? | Mobility and movement |
| Muscular system produces? | Heat |
| Muscular does NOT include ______ or ______ muscle? | Cardiac, smooth |
| Muscle cells are specialized for? | Contraction |
| What do fibers do to produce movement? | Shorten |
| Each muscle is made up of thousands of individual muscle cells AKA? | Fibers |
| The brain recruits high numbers of ______ based on need? | Fibers |
| What anchors muscle to bone and other muscles? | Tendons |
| What is a flat, sheet-like tendon called? | Aponeurosis |
| Tendons are a deep continuation of __________ that covers the muscle? | Deep fascia |
| Tendons merges with the _________ to anchor to bone? | Periosteum |
| Where the muscle originates is called? | Origin |
| Usually the origin is more? | Stationary and more proximal |
| What is the opposite end of the origin across a joint from the origin called? | Insertion |
| What is the primary muscle (prime mover) that brings about the desired movement called? | Protagonist |
| What is the muscle that does the opposite of the desired movement called? | Antagonist |
| What is the secondary muscles that bring about the desired movement called? | Synergist |
| What role of the brain initiates the signal to the muscle in the premotor and motor areas of the cortex? | Frontal lobes |
| What role of the brain coordinates the movements in a very specific order? | Cerebellum |
| What role of the brain is for subconscious input? | Cerebellum |
| What is muscle tone? | Slight contraction of muscle that is present most of the time |
| Postural muscles increase when standing vs.? | Lying |
| What is thermogenesis? | Heat production from normal muscle metabolism |
| Thermogenesis is due to? | Chemical reactions and friction |
| Thermogenesis is increased with? | Increased activity |
| Muscle sense is AKA? | Proprioception |
| What is the brain's awareness of position of the muscle and thus the joint called? | Muscle sense |
| Muscle sense is sensed by? | Stretch receptors (muscle spindle fibers, proprioceptors, GTOs) |
| Muscle sense detect? | Changes in the length of the muscle |
| Primary energy source for muscle contraction? | ATP |
| ATP is ______ lasting? | Short |
| Secondary energy sources for muscle contraction are? | Creatine phosphate and glycogen |
| Creatine phosphate breaks into? | Creatine and phosphate |
| Creatine phosphate breaks into creatine and phosphate to release energy to make more? | ATP |
| Most creatine is converted back to creatine phosphate but some of it is converted to? | Creatinine |
| What is creatinine? | A nitrogenous waste product |
| What is glycogen? | Chains of glucose molecules |
| What is the most abundant energy source for muscle contraction? | Glycogen |
| What is broken down into glucose which goes through cell respiration? | Glycogen |
| What carries oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin contains iron which binds the? | Oxygen |
| What carries oxygen in the muscle? | Myoglobin |
| Myoglobin contains iron which binds the? | Oxygen |
| What makes the muscle red? | Myoglobin |
| When O2 need is greater than the supply, it is called? | Oxygen debt |
| What is hypoxia? | Deficiency of oxygen |
| During oxygen debt, glucose is converted into ___________ in anaerobic respiration? | Lactic acid |
| During oxygen debt, lactic acid is converted to ___________ in the liver? | Pyrovic acid |
| What is recovery oxygen uptake? | Breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid |
| What causes breathing to slow gradually after stopping exercise? | Recovery oxygen uptake |
| What is a microscopic structure? | Muscle fiber |
| What is the motor nerve ending at each muscle fiber? | Neuromuscular junction |
| What is the enlarged end of the motor neuron called? (There are 3 different names) | Axon terminal; motor end plate; synaptic knob |
| The axon terminal, AKA motor end plate or synaptic knob contains sacs of? | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| What is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber called? | Sarcolemma |
| Sarcolemma contains ________ sites for ACh? | Receptor |
| Sarcolemma contains ________ that deactivates ACh? | Cholinesterase |
| What is the junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sarcolemma? | Synapse |
| What is synapse AKA? | Synaptic cleft |
| What is the contractile units in the muscle fiber called? | Sarcomere |
| What are groups of sarcomeres called? | Myofibrils |
| What is AKA thin filaments? | Actin |
| What is thin contractile proteins that interact with myosin? | Actin |
| What is myosin AKA? | Thick filaments |
| What are thicker contractile proteins called? | Myosin |
| What is a protein backbone that anchors actin filaments? | Z line |
| What forms the end boundaries of the sarcomere? | Z line |
| What is the protein that anchors myosin to the Z line? | Titin |
| What 2 inhibitory proteins prevent contraction when relaxed? | Troponin and tropomyosin |
| What is the ER of the muscle cell called? | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores? | Calcium ions |
| Nerve impulse causes release of ____ from ___________? | ACh, axon terminal |
| ACh causes electrical impulse in the ___________? | Sarcolemma |
| Contraction causes actin filaments to pull against myosin filaments called the? | Sliding filament mechanism |
| At rest, a sarcolemma is? | Polarized |
| A sarcolemma has a resting potential when it is? | Polarized |
| When sarcolemma is polarized, the outside is ___ and inside is ___? | +. - |
| When sarcolemma is polarized, there is more _______ and ________? | Sodium, potassium |
| The gradient of the sarcolemma is set up by the? | Sodium-potassium pump |
| The gradient set up by the sodium-potassium pump requires? | ATP |
| During sarcolemma depolarization, ACh bonds to? | ACh receptors |
| Sarcolemma depolarization causes the sarcolemma to become more _________ to Na+? | Permeable |
| During sarcolemma depolarization, Na+ rushes into the cell and depolarizes it, causing? | A reversal of charges |
| T tubules are AKA? | Transverse tubules |
| What are channels that carry the action potential to the inner parts of the cell? | T tubules |
| Sarcolemma repolarization occurs by? | Resetting the action potential |
| Contraction occurs by process of? | Sliding filament mechanism |
| What is reducing the angle of a joint called? | Flexion |
| What is increasing the angle of a joint called? | Extension |
| What is tilting the foot/ankle medially called? | Inversion |
| What is tilting the foot/ankle laterally called? | Eversion |
| What is rotating the palm up called? | Supanation |
| What is rotating the palm down called? | Pronation |
| What is (R & L)-side bending called? | Lateral flexion |
| What is (R,L, internal, external)-rotating around a joint called? | Rotation |
| What is moving in a circular motion without rotation called? | Circumduction |
| What is bringing a part away from the midline called? | Abduction |
| What is bringing a part toward the midline called? | Adduction |
| What is bringing a part toward the midline or posteriorly called? | Retraction |
| What is bringing a part away from the midline or anteriorly called? | Protraction |
| What is (A,P,R,L) called? | Translation |
| What is decreasing angle of ankle joint called? | Dorsiflexion |
| What is increasing angle of ankle joint called? | Plantar flexion |
| What are the 3 muscles that make up the calf called? | Gastrocnemeus, soleus, plantaris |
| What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff called? | Supraspinatous, infraspinatous, subscapularis, teres minor |
| The glutes are made up of 3 muscles called? | Gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, and gluteus medius |
Created by:
laceylake
Popular Anatomy sets