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Biology Ch. 9 Test

QuestionAnswer
What is a vaccine? a substance that is prepared from killed or weakened disease-causing agents, including certain bacteria
Define virulent. able to cause disease
Define transformation. a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material
Define bacteriophage. a virus that infects bacteria
What is a double helix? two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other
What is a nucleotide? subunits that make up DNA
Define deoxyribose. the five-carbon sugar found in DNA nucleotides
What are base-pairing rules? the rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
What are complementary base pairs? a characteristic of nucleic acids in which the sequence of bases on one strand is paired to the sequence of bases on the other
What is DNA replication? the process of making a copy of DNA
What are DNA helicases? enzymes which open the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the complementary nitrogen bases between the two strands before DNA replication can begin
What are replication forks? the Y-shaped areas where the double helix separates
What are DNA polymerases? enzymes at the replication fork which move along each of the DNA strands adding nucleotides to the exposed nitrogen bases
What kind of bond holds the double helix together? hydrogen bond
What is a nitrogen base made of? one or two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms
What does DNA stand for? deoxyribonucleic acid
What is cytosine? one of two pyrimidines used as a nitrogen base in nucleotides
What is adenine? one of two purines used as a nitrogen base in nucleotides
Who found that the capsule that enclosed on strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae cause the microorganism's virulence? Frederick Griffith
Avery's experiments demonstrated that DNA is what kind of material? genetic
Where did Hershey and Chase find that most of the radioactive substance is found after tracing the 32P? in the lower layer
What did Watson and Crick use to build their model of DNA? Wilkins' and Franklin's X-ray diffraction photographs
Where in the cell cycle does DNA replication take place? the synthesis phase
Eukaryotic DNA contains many replication forks working together, whereas PROKARYOTIC DNA contains how many replication forks during replication? two
Who developed high quality X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA? Wilkins and Franklin
Who demonstrated that DNA is the material responsible for transformation? Avery
Who discovered transformation in bacterial cells? Griffith
Who discovered the three-dimensional structure of DNA with the help of other scientists? Watson and Crick
What role do base-pairing rules play in the structure of DNA? They hold the double helix together.
What is a nucleotide made up of? a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and a nitrogen containing base
Why did Hershey and Chase use radioactive elements in their experiments? They release particles that can be detected by machines and be followed in a biological process
How does DNA polymerase "proofread" a new DNA strand? Nucleotides are only added to a growing strand if the previous nucleotides is correctly paired.
Created by: oliviankellie
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