the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
law of definite proportions
the law that states that a chemical compound always contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by weight or mass
law of multiple proportions
the law that states that when two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the mass of one element that combines with a given mass of the other is in the ratio of small whole numbers
atom
the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element
nuclear forces
the interaction that binds protons and neutrons, protons and protons, and neutrons and neutrons together in a nucleus
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element
average atomic mass
the weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element
isotopes
an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass)
mass number
the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
electromagnetic spectrum
all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
excited state
a state in which an atom has more energy than it does at its ground state
frequency
the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time; also the number of waves produced in a given amount of time
ground state
the lowest energy state of a quantized system
wavelength
the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave
angular momentum quantum number
the quantum number that indicates the shape of an orbital
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
the principle that states that determining both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle simultaneously is impossible
magnetic quantum number
the quantum number that corresponds to the alignment of the angular momentum component with a magnetic field
orbital
a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
principal quantum number
the quantum number that indicates the energy and orbital of an electron in an atom
quantum numbers
a number that specifies the properties of electrons
quantum theory
the study of the structure and behavior of the atom and of subatomic particles from the view that all energy comes in tiny, indivisible bundles
spin quantum number
the quantum number that describes the intrinsic angular movement of a particle
Aufbau principle
the principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy orbital that is available
electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons in an atom
highest occupied level
Highest number of electrons
Hund’s rule
the rule that states that for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electrons is the maximum possible and these unpaired electrons have the same spin
inner-shell electrons
one of the lowest energy shells in an atom. It is therefore a localized electron which does not contribute to bonding or conduction.
noble gases
one of the elements of Group 8 of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive
noble gas configuration
An electron structure of an atom or ion in which the outer electron shell contains eight electrons, corresponding to the electron configuration of a noble gas, such as neon or argon.
Pauli exclusion principle
the principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy state
BIOL3326 Forms
