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Statistics Ch 1
orientational stuff for statistics - - high school level
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Individuals | the people or objects that are in the study |
variable | characteristics taht are to be measured ex. age, race |
quanitative | numerical measurements ex. # of siblings....makes sense to add or avg. |
qualitative | places an individ. into a category or group ex. brand of computer |
statistics is the study of how to: | collect,, organize, analyze, interpret - numerical info from data |
population data | the variable is from every individ. of interest |
sample data | the variable is from only some of the individ. of interest ex. income of selected residents |
Nominal measurement | date that consists of name only ex. Dell, Apple, blue, funny |
ordinal measurement | date that can be ordered. Differences cannot be calculated or interpreted. ex. class rank |
interval measurement | date can be ordered. difference between data values can be compared ex. temperature, years, no meaningful zero |
ratio measurement | data can be ordered. differences and ratios between data values can be compared. ex. age......needs measureable zero |
descriptive statistics | involves methods of organizing, picturing, and summarizing information from samples or population |
inferential statistics | involves methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population |
Census | using measurements form entire populations |
sampling | drawing representative subsets for the population |
observational study | observations and measurements of the individuals are conducted in a way that doesnt change the response of the variable being measured |
experiement | a treatment is dilberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the response of the variable being measured |
placebo | fake ex. sugar pills |
Placebo experiment | Group A gets real drug, Group B gets fake drug, Group B's response to the placebo = that of Group A |
Double Bling experiement | neither individuals in the study nor the observers know which subjects are receiving actual treatment. |
Simple Random Sampling | every sample of size n has equal chance of being selected |
NOT RANDOM SAMPLING | asking for volunteers |
Systematic sampling | population is arranged in sequential order -- every nth person is chosen |
Cluster Sampling | pop. is divided into sections. Sections are randomly chosen and ALL data in each selected section is used ex. all test scores for schools York, Sumter, and Greenville are used |
Convenience sampling | using whatever data is readily available |