mass of repair tissue made up of some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix and collagen fibers; forms "splint" to broken bone, closing the gap
bony callus
spongy bone which replaces the fibrocartilage callus
the bony callus is _____ in response to mechanical stress, forming a permanent _____ at the fracture site
remodeled; "patch"
skull
formed by 2 sets of bones, cranium & facial
cranium
bone that encloses & protects brain tissue; composed of 8 flat bones, & 2 paired bones parietal & temporal (single bones)
facial bones
hold eyes in anterior position & allow muscles of the face to display emotions
sutures
the line of union in an immovable articulation (as between the bones of the skull); interlocking, immovable joints; the mandible is an exception
mandible is the only _____ _____ joint attached to the skull
freely movable
frontal bone
forehead, bony projections under eyebrows & superior part of eye orbits
parietal bones
form most of superior & lateral walls of cranium; meet at sagittal suture (at the midline of skull) & form the coronal suture (meet frontal bone)
sagittal suture
deeply serrated articulation between the two parietal bones in the median plane of the top of the head
coronal suture
suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones
temporal bones
inferior or parietal bones; join them at squamous sutures
external acoustic meatus
canal leading to eardrum & middle ear; part of temporal bone markings
sytloid process
sharp, needlelike projection just inferior or external acoustic meatus; point of attached for many neck muscles; part of temporal bone markings
zygomatic process
thin bridge of bone joining with cheekbone (zygomatic bone) anteriorly; part of temporal bone markings
mastoid process
full of air cavities (mastoid sinuses); rough projection posterior & inferior to external acoustic meatus; many neck muscles attach here; part of temporal bone markings
mastoiditis
inflammation & infection of the mastoid processes just behind the ear; very close to brain so it is possible to spread to the brain
jugular foramen
junction of occipital & temporal bones, allows passage of jugular vein which drains the brain
internal acoustic meatus
anterior to the jugular foramen; transmits cranial nerves VII & VIII (facial & vestibulocochlear nerves)
cartoid canal
anterior to the jugular foramen, on the inferior aspect; internal cartoid artery runs to supply blood to most of brain
occipital bone
most posterior of the cranium; forms floor & back wall of skull
lambdoid suture
occipital & parietal bones join anteriorly
foramen magnum
large openeing at the base of the occipital bone; "large hole"; surrounds the lower part of brain & allows connection of spinal cord w/brain
occipital condyles
lateral to foramen magnum, on each side; they are rocker like and rest on the first vertebra of spinal column
sphenoid bone
butterfly shaped, spans width of skull forming part of floor for cranial cavity
sella turcica
small depression in the midline of the sphenoid hone; forms snug enclosure for pituitary gland; bone marking of sphenoid bone
Turk's Saddle is another name for
sella turcica
foramen ovale
lrg oval opening in line w/posterior end of sella turcica; allows fibers of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower mandible; bone marking of sphenoid bone
optic canal
openings allows optic nerve to pass into eye; part of the orbits; bone marking of sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
cranial nerves (III, IV & VI) passage which control eyes movements; bone marking of sphenoid bone
sphenoid sinuses
either of 2 irregular cavities in the sphenoid bone that communicate with sinus cavities
ethmoid bone
irregularly shaped, lying anterior to sphenoid; forms roof of nasal cavity & part of medial walls of orbits
crista galli
"cock's comb"; projecting from superior surface of ethmoid bone, outermost covering of brain attaches to these projections
cribriform plates
allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from olfactory receptors of nose to reach brain; bone marking of ethmoid bone
superior & middle nasal conchae
form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity & increase turbulence of air flowing through nasal passages; bone marking of ethmoid bone
there are a total of ____ facial bones, ___ are paired; only the _____ & ____ are single.
14; 12; mandible & vomer
maxillae
two maxillary bones fuse to form the upper jaw; all facial bones join here, with exception to mandible
alveolar margin
maxillae carry upper teeth
palatine processes
form anterior of hard palate
sinuses
a cavity in the substance of a bone of the skull that usually communicates with the nostrils and contains air
paranasal sinuses
surrounding nasal cavity, lighten skull bone & amplify sound during speech; mucosa lining infection common, sinusitis
sinusitis
inflammation of sinuses of the skull
palatine bones
paired bones lie posterior to palatine processes of maxillae; form posterior part of hard palate
cleft palate
failure of palatine processes to fuse medially
zygomatic bones
referred to as cheekbones; form a good size portion of lateral walls of orbits (eye sockets)
lacrimal bones
fingernail-sized bones form part of medial walls of each orbit; each lacrimal bone has a groove serving passageway for tears
lacrima means
tears
nasal bones
small rectangular bones forming bridge of nose
vomer bone
single bone in median line of nasal cavity; means "plow" referring to shape of bone; forms most of bony nasal septum
inferior nasal conchae
thin, curved bones projecting medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity; superior & middle conchae are part of ethmoid bone
mandible
lower jaw; largest/strongest bone of face; joins temporal bones on each side, creating only free movable joint of the skull; horizontal part forms chin, upright bars of bone extend from body to connect mandible to temporal bone
aveoli
socket in the lower mandible alveolar margin for the lower teeth at the superior edge of the mandibular body
hyoid bone
not part of skull rather located near mandible & temporal bones; only bone of the body that doesn’t directly articulate with any other bone; suspended in mid-neck region 2cm above Larynx, anchored by ligaments to styloid processes
serves as a movable base for the tongue & attachment point for neck muscles that raise & lower larynx when we swallow & speak
hyoid bone
fontanels
any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull
anterior fontanel
largest diamond-shaped fontanel occurring at the meeting point of the coronal and sagittal sutures
fontanels allow for the fetal skull to be ______ during birth and allow the ____ to grow
compressed; fetusfontanels can no longer be felt by _____ months after birth
vertebral column
spine; extends from skull to pelvis; formed from 26 irregular bones connected/reinforced by ligament making it flexible/curved structure
the ___ ____ runs through the vertebral column
spinal cord
before birth the spine consists of ____ vertebrae; ____ eventually fuse to form sacrum & coccyx
33; 9
cervical vertebrae
7 vertebrae of the neck; identified as c1-c7; form neck region of spine; smallest/lightest vertebrae; spinous process short & two branches
thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae of the middle region of spinal column; T1-T12 all typical; on vertebrae to articulate with ribs; body is somewhat heart-shaped
lumbar vertebrae
5 low back vertebrae; L1-L5; massive block-like bodies; short hatchet shaped spinous processes; sturdiest of vertebrae
intervertebral discs
pads of flexible fibrocartilage, that cushion vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing flexibility in the spine
herniated disk
protruding disk on the spinal cord, caused by drying of disk, weakened ligaments of vertebral column, or twisting forces
the disks and S-shaped structure of vertebral column help to prevent shock to head when we ____ or ____
walk; run
primary curvatures
spinal curvatures in the thoracic & sacral regions; primary because they are there when we are born
secondary curvatures
lumbar & cervical regions; develop sometime after birth; in adults allows to center body weight on lower limbs
cervical curvatures begin to appear when a baby begins to raise its _____
head
lumbar curvatures begin to appear when a baby begins to ____
walk
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
kyphosis
exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic region of the spinal column resulting in a rounded upper back
lordosis
exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the spinal column
centrum
body; disc like, weight-bearing part of vertebra facing anteriorly in vertebral column
vertebral arch
arch formed from joining of all posterior extensions from ventral body; laminae & pedicles
laminae
part of the neural arch of a vertebra extending from the pedicle to the median line
pedicle
basal part of each side of the neural arch of a vertebra connecting the laminae with the centrum
vertebral foramen
canal through which the spinal cord passes
transverse processes
2 lateral projections from the vertebral arch
spinous process
single projection arising from the posterior aspect of vertebral arch (actually the fuse laminae)
superior & inferior articular processes
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing vertebra form joints with adjacent vertebrae
atlas
C1, has no body superior surfaces of its transverse process contain lrg depressions that receive occipital condyles of the skull; allows to nod 'yes'
axis
C2, acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull); large upright process (dens) which acts as the pivot point
dens
a tooth like process that projects from the anterior end of the centrum of the axis in the spinal column, serves as a pivot on which the atlas rotates
typical cervical vertebrae are considered
C3-C7
transverse processes of cervical vertebrae contain ______ giving passage to vertebral arteries on way to ______
Poultry
