voluntary; food is chewed & mixed with saliva, forming the bolus, which is forced into the pharynx by the tongue
pharyngeal-esophageal phase
involuntary; transports food pharynx & esophagus where the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system takes control & promotes mobility of digestive organs going forward
_____ plays no part in the transport of food once it has left the mouth
gravity
mechanical & chemical digestion begins in the
mouth
chemical digestion of ____, into maltose, beings when salivary _____ is released in the mouth
starch; amylase
simple pressure of anything put into the mouth with cause the production of more
saliva
secretion of gastric juice is regulated by ____ & _____ factors
neural & hormonal
the presence of ___ and rising PH, in the stomach, stimulate the stomach cells to release the hormone _____
food; gastrin
both ____ ____ & ___________ ____ have the ability to digest the stomach
hydrochloric acid; protein-digesting enzymes
ulcers
break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus
as long as enough ____ is produced the stomach will be safe, from ulcers
mucus
heartburn
burning discomfort behind the lower part of the sternum usually related to spasm of the lower end of the esophagus or of the upper part of the stomach often in association with gastroesophageal reflux
hiatal hernia
hernia in which an anatomical part (as the stomach) protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
when the diaphragm no longer reinforces the cardioesophageal sphincter, gastric juice flows into the unprotected esophagus; this can cause _____ or ulceration of the esophagus
esophagitis
hydrochloric acid activates ____ to ____
pepsinogen; pepsin
pepsinogen
granular zymogene of the gastric glands that is readily converted into pepsin in a slightly acid medium
renin
2nd protein digesting enzyme produced by the stomach
renin works primarily on
milk protein
renin is produced in large amounts in _____
infants
little chemical digestion occurs in the
stomach
chyme is formed when the enzyme-containing _____ ____ is mixed with the food by the stomach
gastric juice
pylorus of the stomach holds about ____ of chyme
30 ml
enterogastric reflex
reflex inhibition of the emptying of the stomach's contents through the pylorus that occurs when the duodenum is stimulated by the presence of irritants, is overloaded, or is obstructed
emetic center
located in the brain which inducing vomiting due to local irritation, such as bacterial food poisoning
vomiting is reverse _____
peristalsis
no ____ have begun digestion until they reach the small intestine
fats
intestinal juice is enzyme poor and the protective _____ is the most important intestinal gland secretion
mucus
enzyme-rich ____ _____ is ducted in from the pancreas, as well as ___ from the liver; into the small intestine
pancreatic juice; bile
pancreatic juice enzymes completed the digestion of ____, carry our 1/2 of protein digestion, are totally responsible for ___ digestion and digest _____ acids
starch; fat; nucleic
trypsin
produced and secreted in the pancreatic juice in the form of inactive trypsinogen and activated in the intestine
chymotrypsin
protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds and is formed in the intestine from chymotrypsinogen
carboxypeptidase
enzyme that hydrolyzes peptides and especially polypeptides by splitting off sequentially the amino acids at the end of the peptide chain which contain free carboxyl groups
when pancreatic juice reaches small intestine, it ______ the acidic chyme coming from the stomach
neutralizes
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas results from activation of pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic duct; causing digestion of pancreatic tissue and duct
secretin
intestinal proteinaceous hormone capable of stimulating secretion by the pancreas and liver
cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone secreted especially by the duodenal mucosa that regulates the emptying of the gallbladder and secretion of enzymes by the pancreas
both ____ & ____ influence release of pancreatic juice & bile
secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
bile is not an _____; it works as a detergent to _______ lrg fat globules into smaller ones.
enzyme; emulsify
fat soluble vitamins include
K, D, and A
if bile or pancreatic juice is absent, no fat digestion occurs leading to deficiency of Vitamin K which is one of the necessary
clotting factors
most substances are absorbed through the plasma membrane by ______ ______
active transport
lipids are absorbed passively by the process of ________
diffusion
the colon produces no _____ enzymes
digestive
bacteria, residing, in the large intestine makes Vitamin ___ & ___
K & B
haustral contractions
slow segmenting movements lasting about (1) minute and recurring every 30 minutes
haustrum
one of the pouches or sacculations into which the large intestine is divided
mass movements
long, slow-moving but powerful contractile waves that move over large areas of colon 3-4 times daily & force the contents toward the rectum
diverticula
abnormal pouch or sac opening from a hollow organ
diverticulosis
intestinal condition characterized by the presence of diverticula in the colon that is typically symptomless but may be marked by symptoms (as bleeding or constipation)
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of a diverticulum of the colon that is marked by abdominal pain or tenderness often accompanied by fever, chills, and cramping
defecation reflux
spinal reflux (sacral region) causes the walls of sigmoid colon & rectum to contract & anal sphincters to relax
ATP
chemical needed by all body cells to drive their many activities
kilocalories
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius that is equal to 1000 gram calories or 3.968 Btu
major nutrients are:
water, carbohydrates, lipids and protein
minor nutrients are:
vitamins & minerals
water accounts for % of the volume of food we eat
60%
MyPyramid separates food categories ______
vertically
carbohydrates include
sugar & starches
polysaccharide starches are
grains, legumes, & root vegetables
polysaccharide cellulose is not _______ by humans
digestible
lipids are considered
triglycerides or neutral fats
proteins are basically ____ ____ polymers
amino acid
essential amino acids are the ____ that we cannot product, rather we must take in through food
eight
vitamins as coenzymes
act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular type of catalysis
_____ is the major fuel used for making ATP in most body cells
glucose
cellular respiration
any of various energy-yielding oxidative reactions in living matter that typically involve transfer of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide and water as end products
Glycolosis
energizes each glucose molecule so that it can be split into two pyruvic acid molecules and yield a small amount of ATP
Krebs Cycle
produces almost all carbon dioxide & water that results during cell respiration; yielding a small amount of ATP by transferring high energy phosphate groups directly from phosphorylated to ADP
electron transport chain
metabolic pathway within the mitochondria in which energy is harvested from high-energy hydrogen atoms is used to male ATP; final delivery of H to molecular oxygen produces water
hyperglycemia
excessively high levels of glucose in the blood
hypoglycemia
blood glucose levels are too low
when the blood glucose levels are too high some is stored in liver/muscle cells as _____; if still too high excesses converted to ____
glycogen; fat
liver cells use some fat to make _____ for themselves
ATP
Liver also uses fat to synthesize _____, _____ & _______
stored fats are the body's most concentrated source of _____
energy
before being used for ATP synthesis fats must be broken down into ___ ____
acetic acid
acidosis
state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid
ketoacidosis
acidosis accompanied by ketosis
ketosis
abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body in conditions of reduced or disturbed carbohydrate metabolism
ketoacidosis is common in those on a _________ diet, uncontrolled diabetes _______, and _____ where the body relies on stored fats to fuel energy processes.
no-carbohydrate; mellitus; starvation
______ make up the bulk of cellular structures
proteins
proteins are broken down into ____ ____
amino acids
body cells remove ____ ____ from the blood to build _____
amino acids; proteins
cells cannot build proteins unless all _____ amino acids are available
20
when proteins are overabundant, or fats & carbohydrates are not available, cells use ____ ____ to make ATP
amino acids
when amino acids are oxidized for energy their _____ group is removed as ammonia; the rest of the molecule enters the Krebs cycle.
amine
ammonia is ____ to body cells; especially ____ cells
toxic; nerve
the _____ combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to form ____
liver; urea
urea
Main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine
the digestive function of the liver is to manufacture _____
bile
the process nearly every class of _____
nutrient
the liver's phagocyte cells remove & destroy _____ that has gotten through the walls of the digestive tract and into the ____
bacteria; blood
glycogen
main carbohydrate formed and stored in the liver; a polysaccharide
IVC Lesson 11
