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Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A relatively thin envelope of gases and particles that encircles the planet is known as | the atmosphere. |
| Earth's atmosphere | shields organisms from potentially lethal levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. contains the gases essential for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. supplies the water required by all forms of life. |
| Radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium is a source of ______ in the Earth's atmosphere. | argon |
| Carbon dioxide was an abundant gas in the atmosphere in Earth's past. Its subsequent decline was caused primarily by | cycling into the ocean, sediments, and bedrock. |
| All other factors being equal, a more CO2-rich atmosphere is a ______ atmosphere. | warmer |
| Water vapor is | an invisible gas. |
| Today, the principal source of atmospheric oxygen is | photosynthesis by plants. |
| The portion of the atmosphere in which the principal gases (nitrogen and oxygen) occur everywhere in the same proportions is the | Troposphere, stratosphere, |
| The portion of the atmosphere in which the principal gases (nitrogen and oxygen) occur everywhere in the same proportions is the | heterosphere |
| An atmospheric gas that varies significantly in concentration from one location to another near sea-level is | water vapor. |
| The atmosphere is composed of | a mixture of gases and tiny suspended particles (aerosols). |
| During an early phase of the planet's existence, Earth's atmosphere was similar in composition to the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. At that time Earth's principal atmospheric gas was | carbon dioxide. |
| The ______is the portion of the atmosphere in which the ozone shield occurs. | stratosphere |
| The three most common gases in the "dry" atmosphere (excluding water vapor) are | nitrogen, oxygen, argon. |
| The importance of a gas or aerosol is ______ to its relative abundance in the atmosphere. | not necessarily related |
| A gas that occurs in minute concentrations in the atmosphere and yet shields living organisms from exposure to potentially lethal intensities of solar ultraviolet radiation is | ozone. |
| A gas that occurs in relatively low concentrations in the atmosphere and is required for photosynthesis by green plants is | carbon dioxide. |
| During photosynthesis, green plants remove ______ from the atmosphere and release ______ to the atmosphere. | carbon dioxide..............oxygen |
| Atmospheric aerosols | are generated by both human activities and natural processes. may play a role in cloud formation. may influence air temperature. include sea-salt crystals. |
| Air pollutants are gases or aerosols that | occur in concentrations that threaten the well-being of living organisms, especially humans.often are natural components of the atmosphere. may disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment. |
| Air pollution is ______ the consequence of human activity. | often but not always |
| The single most important source of atmospheric pollution in the United States is (are) | the internal combustion engine in motor vehicles. |
| Aerosol is the name given to | solid and liquid particles small enough to be suspended in air. |
| The scientific method is a systematic form of inquiry that involves | observation. speculation. reasoning. experimentation. |
| An example of a secondary air pollutant is | photochemical smog |
| A scientific model is an ______ representation of the way a system works. | approximate |
| The behavior of a system (such as the Earth-atmosphere system) | is governed by well-known natural laws. |
| A weather map is an example of a ______ model. | graphical |
| A numerical model consists of ______ and is used to forecast weather. | mathematical equations |
| A global climate model that is run on a computer and used to predict the climatic future is a ______ model. | numerical |
| The National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Network collects weather data primarily for __________ purposes. | hydrologic, agricultural, and climatic |
| Temperature, air pressure, and dewpoint (a measure of humidity) are measured using a | radiosonde. |
| Properties of the atmosphere are monitored by | radar. radiosondes. dropwindsondes. satellites. |
| The subdivision of the atmosphere where most weather phenomena occur is the | troposphere. |
| Within the atmosphere, the lowest average air temperature occurs | at the mesopause. |
| Air temperatures in the upper stratosphere are ______ air temperatures in the lower stratosphere. | higher than |
| In the troposphere, air temperature______ with increasing altitude. | usually decreases |
| The nation that was the first to orbit a weather satellite was | the United States. |
| Temperature in the atmosphere | increases in the stratosphere as altitude increases. |
| The layers of the atmosphere, in order, from the surface up are | troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere. |
| The layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth is called the | troposphere. |
| The "weather layer" of the atmosphere is the | troposphere. |
| Which of the following is defined on a basis different from that for the others listed? | homosphere |
| Which of the following is defined on a basis different from that for the others listed? | ionosphere |
| The ______features a relatively high concentration of electrically charged particles. | ionosphere |
| The aurora borealis (northern lights) is most likely to be visible | at high latitudes |
| The solar wind | consists of a stream of electrically-charged sub-atomic particles. continually flows from the Sun. is deflected by Earth's magnetic field. |
| Carbon dioxide is the______ gas in the Martian atmosphere. | most abundant |
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