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Question	Answer
The ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.	Solubility
Measured in terms of maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium.	Solubility
The resulting solution is called	Saturated solution
Gas over a liquid at a particular temp	Henry's Law
At at a particular temperature the amount of a given gas dissolves in a given liquid is directly proportional to other partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid	Henry's Law
Particularly relevant to scuba divers	Henry's Law
as you increase the pressure linearly for a gas dissolving in a liquid a proportional amount of gas will dissolve in a liquid	Henry's Law
Build up saturation of nitrogen, when you resurface to quickly, it comes out of solution in the jts and tissue, this is	The Bents or The Caisson's
Henry's Law only applies for	constant temperatures
as temperature increases gases dissolve	less
Pressure independent function	Ostwald solubility Coefficient
as the ratio of the amount of substance present in one phase compared with another, the two phase being equal volume and equilibrium	Partition Coefficients
Which gas is more soluble in the blood:gas coefficients? N2O, ether, halothane What are there bld:gas coefficients	Ether (12) Halothane(2.3) N20(0.47)
The greater the insolubility (more equilibrium or speed)	the quicker induction rate
Advantage of N20	has a quicker induction rate
Disadvantage of N20	can lead to diffusion hypoxemia (reverse of 2nd gas effect) tx: extubate with 100% o2
more soluble=more potent	oil:gas coefficient (effect)
less anesthetic to achieve desired clinical effect	potency
more insoluble=quicker induction rate	bld:gas coefficient(equilibrium or speed)
which gas is more potent in bld	Ether
which gas is more potent than ether	Halothane
on the log scale with gas is most potent on pg 7	methoxytilurane
Oxygen dissolves in blood at	0.003cc/100cc/mmHg partial pressure
C02 dissolves in blood at	0.067cc/100cc/mmHg partial pressure
rate of change of a quantity of any time is proportional to the quantity at that time	exponential process
process by which the molecules of a substance transfer through a layer or area such as the surface of a solution	Diffusion
smaller molecules diffuse	faster
rate of diffusion of a substance across a unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient	fick's law
this is affected by solubility of gas diffusing into liquid medium	rate of diffusion
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide rates of diffusion are different therefore more likely to become	hypoxemic
Do liquid or gases take longer to diffuse	liquids
Diffusion Rate= Reciprocal of the square root of the molecular weight	Graham's Law
what is Graham's law equation	1/√MW 1 divided by the square root of MW=molecular wt
Diffusion equation	(p1-p2)(area)(solubility)/ (memb. thickness)(√molecular wt)
what is diffusion proportional to	tension gradient (p1-p2), solubility, and directly proportional to membrane area
what is diffusion inversely proportional to	membrane thickness, the square root of MW of the substance diffusing
usually occurs with a semi permeable membrane, this membrane is semi permeable to one or more solutes.	osmosis
moles per liter	osmolarity
moles per kilogram	osmolality
osmotic pressure related to proteins	oncotic pressure
body osmolarity is	300mmol per liter
difference in osmolar gradient	oncotic pressure
depression of vapor pressure of a solvent is proportional to the molar concentration of solute (measurement of osmolarity)	Raoult's Law
factors that effect osmolarity	osmotic pressure, freezing pt depression, vapor pressure reduction, and boiling pt elevation. (colligative properties)
a mixture which vaporizes in the same proportion as its constituent volume proportions	Azeotropes
thermal state of a substance, determines whether heat will flow to or from the substance	Temperature
a form of energy, transfer from hotter to cooler substance, energy is in the form of kinetic energy	heat
SI unit of temperature	kelvins
determined by general metabolic rate of person	heat production
heat production=	50 W/m²=80 Watts total
four principle routes with typical heat losses	Radiation, Convection, Evaporation, Respiration
what are the heat losses in percent	Radiation 40% Convection 30% Evaporation 20% Respiration 10% (evaporation 8%,heating of air 2%)
carries away heat, cooler object absorbs the heat. occurs in OR accounts for 50% heat loss	Radiation
Adjacent layer of air is heated, that heated air rises carrying away heat.	Convection
due to loss of latent heat of vaporization (liquid on the skin) as the liquid evaporates it sucks heat out of the body	Surface Evaporation
small part of heat loss, accounts for 8% of humidifying inspired air	Respiration
Inspiration of dry anesthetic gases may account for intra-op	hypothermia
physiologic control of temp is mediated by	hypothalamus
body temp below 35 degrees C	hypothermia
fever, may be due to endogenous pyrogens or from bacterial infections	Pyrexia
Succinylcholine and volatile anesthetics are known triggering agents for	malignant hyperthermia
occurs when skin at or higher than 45 degrees for prolonged time	thermal burns
quantity of heat required to increase the temperature of an object	Specific heat capacity
SI unit of specific heat capacity	J/(kg k)
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given object by 1 kelvin	heat capacity
SI unit of heat capacity	J/K Joules per degree of kelvin
amount of heat required to raise the temperature 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 kelvin	specific heat capacity
4.18 Joules =	1 calorie
4.18kJ=	1 kilocalorie=1C
calculated by knowing the specific heat comtent, mass, and temperature	body heat content
change of state without change in temperature, requires energy	latent heat
joules per sec	watts
body generates how many watts?	80
energy used when a substance change state from a liquid to a gas	latent heat of vaporization
the heat required to convert 1kg of a substance from one phase to another at a given temp.	specific latent heat
SI unit for specific latent heat	Jkg^-1
at temperature decreases the specific latent heat	increases
N20 critical temperature is	36.5
critical temperature for 02	-116 C
ways to conserve energy use	humidified gases circle circuit system humidity conservation device
humidity in upper trachea	34mg/L (humidify air) 9.6 watts
warming 02	2 watts
universal gas law	pv=nRt R=0.0821 L atm mol-¹K-¹ p=pressure v=vol n=#'s moles of gas R=gas constant T=temp(K)
the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture.	Dalton's law
SI units for pressure	pascals
going form one force to another set of forces is called	Van de Waals Forces
consists of identical particles of zero volume hypothetical gas	ideal gases
equal vol of gases, at same temp. and pressure contain the same # of particles or molecules	Avogadro's Hypothesis
one mole of ideal gas occupies	22.4 L @STP
how many liters of N20 is in a full tank	1590
the uptake of a volatile agent is increased when it is administered simultaneously with N20	Second Gas Effect
One mole of particles of solute in 22.4L produces	101.35kPa (1atm)
half life =	time constant * logℯ=time constant*0.693
pressure=	force/area
force=	pressure * area
volume=	distance*area
distance=	volume/area
work=	pressuure*vol.

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