A kind of government that the citizens run themselves.
Democracy
A period in history when there was a rebirth of interest in learning and art.
Renaissance
An agreement between countries to protect one another.
Alliance
The process of becoming more like Western Europe.
Westernization
A new approach to knowledge that focused on improving the world during the time of the Renaissance.
Humanism
Many European countries took over other nations and turned them into colonies during the Age of ___.
Imperialism
Who was the first Russian Emperor, or Czar?
Ivan IV
Theory that says the state should own all farms and factories.
Communism
What civilization created an organized system of written laws?
Ancient Rome
Why did Europeans begin to explore other lands during the Renaissance?
To gain wealth from trading
During what revolution did scientists base their theories on information they had tested?
Scientific Revolution
The growth of cities was one important result of the ___ Revolution.
Industrial
Nationalism in Europe during the early 1900's led to groups of nations forming ___ with each other.
Alliances
Expansion, harsh treatment of common people, and slow westernization are all things that happened in what country?
Russia
Mistreatment of the serfs was one important factory that led what person to takeover Russia?
Lenin
Tension was high between the Soviet Union and the United States during the ____.
Cold War
Who spread Greek culture throughout the world by conquering other lands?
Alexander the Great
During the Renaissance, ___ declined as kings became richer and more powerful.
Feudalism
During the 1800's, a change in the way goods were produced resulted in what?
The Industrial Revolution
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by bringing in ideas and culture from where?
Western Europe
Czar Nicholas agreed to establish a Russian Congress because of what event?
Bloody Sunday
During the Middle Ages, society was organized according to a system called ___.
Feudalism
Why did Europeans begin to explore other lands during the Renaissance?
To gain wealth from trading
During what revolution did scientists base their theories on information they had tested?
Scientific Revolution
The growth of cities was one important result of the ___ Revolution.
Industrial
Nationalism in Europe during the early 1900's led to groups of nations forming ___ with each other.
Alliances
Expansion, harsh treatment of common people, and slow westernization are all things that happened in what country?
Russia
Mistreatment of the serfs was one important factory that led what person to takeover Russia?
Lenin
Tension was high between the Soviet Union and the United States during the ____.
Cold War
Who spread Greek culture throughout the world by conquering other lands?
Alexander the Great
During the Renaissance, ___ declined as kings became richer and more powerful.
Feudalism
During the 1800's, a change in the way goods were produced resulted in what?
The Industrial Revolution
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by bringing in ideas and culture from where?
Western Europe
Czar Nicholas agreed to establish a Russian Congress because of what event?
Bloody Sunday
Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Peru are all part of
A. Quebec B. South America
C. The Caribbean D. Latin America
B. South America
Hernan Cortes is famous for
A. making Brazil an industrialized nation B. Conquering the Aztecs
C. Leading Argentina
D. inspiring Mexico's war for independence
B. Conquering the Aztecs
What affect did smallpox have on the Incas and Aztecs
A. Very little, it was a European disease
B. It devastated them because they did not have modern weapons
C. Many died because they had no natural defense
D. It helped kill the United States
C Many died because they had no natural defense
Which of the following groups would be most exciting about the idea of Mexico ending trade with the US and nationalizing major industries and businesses?
A. the Aztecs
B. supporters of Quebec independence movement C. Shining path
D. the Zapatistas
D. The Zapatistas
Toussaint L'Ouverture was A. a creole who drove the Spanish from South America
B. a young revolutionary who fought against the Portuguese
C. a popular leader in Argentina
D. a slave who led a successful slave revolt
D a slave who led a successful slave revolt
Why did Samuel de Champlain and John Guy have in common?
A. They both established colonies in Canada
B. They both helped found the independence movement
C. They were Catholic Missionaries
D. Both supported Latin American nationalism
A They both established colonies in Canada
Aborigines
the indigenous or native people of Australia; " the people who were here from the beginning"
acid rain
clouds or rain containing sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides that causes problems in the environment
Allied Powers
the alliance of Great Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S. during WWI.
arable
a description applied to land that is capable of being farmed.
autocratic government
a government with a single ruler with unlimited power
Basic Law
the constitution of Germany
blackout
a time when all electricity to a region is cut off
British Commonwealth
weak association of member countries once part of the British Empire; also called the Commonwealth of Nations
British Pound
the currency of the United Kingdom
budget
a plan for spending and savings based on estimated income and expenses
Bundesrat
the less powerful upper house of the German parliament, which represents the interests of the state governments.
Bundestag
the powerful lower house of the German parliament; elect the chancellor
bush
the remote countryside of Australia
capitalism
a decentralized market economy
Central Powers
the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in WWI.
chancellor
head of state running day-to-day operations of government in some democracies, like Germany
chief executive
a leader who heads the military, enforces laws, and keeps a country running
clear-cutting
cutting all the trees in an area
Cold war
a period of distrust and misunderstanding between the Soviet Union and its former allies in the West, particularly the United States.
colony
a foreign area controlled by a country and contributing to its wealth.
Colombian Exchange
the moving of animals, plants, people,and diseases between the Old and New Worlds
command economy
an economy in which centralized groups decide what and how goods and services will be produced, distributed, and consumed
Commonwealth of Nations
weak association of member countries once part of the British Empire; also called the British Commonwealth
communist
describes a government that owns or controls most farms or businesses
confederation government
a form of government based on a voluntary agreement under which separate countries work together
conquistador
Spanish conqueror
constitutional monarchy
a government in which the king or queen is head of state with little or no real power, as limited by a constitution
credit
the ability to borrow money
Crusades
military expeditions sent from 1096 to 1272 by various popes to capture Holy Land from Muslim Turks
Cuban Missile Crisis
a tense time in j1962 when nuclear war seem possible after the soviet union placed missiles in Cuba and the United States demanded their removal
currency
money used in a particular country to buy goods and services
Cyrillic alphabet
writing system (differing from the Roman alphabet) used to write Russian and other Slavic languages
czar
absolute rule of Russia before 1917
deforestation
the process of clearing forests, selling their timber, and using the cleared land for other purposes
demand
how many people want the goods available and what they are willing to pay for them
direct democracy
a democratic form of government requiring a vote by all citizens for every government decision
economic depression
a hard time in the economy when businesses, banks, factories close and people lose their jobs, buying and selling almost stops
economic system
the way a country decides what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, who will consume them
embargo
a government order stopping trade with another country to put pressure on the government of that other country
entrepreneur
one who risks his or her own money, time, ideas, and energy to start and run a business
euro
the currency of the European Union
European Union
group of 27 European countries united to bring more advantages to members that might not have available to the smaller nations; the EU works to improve trade, education, farming, and industry among the members
exchange rate
the price of one nation's currency in terms of another nation's currency
expenses
the costs related to running a business
exports
goods sold to other countries
federal government
a form of government in which power is divided between a central government and smaller divisions, such as states
Federation Council
that part of Russia's Federal Assembly that represents state government; approves presidential appointments
financial investment
savings put into a bank account, certificate of deposit, stock, bond, or mutual fund that pays a future benefit such as interest
free economy
describes an economy where businesses can operate without too many rules from the government
free enterprise
a decentralized market economy
genocide
the planned killing of a race of people
Germanic languages
includes languages like German or English originating from Germanic tribes, largest European language group; found in northwest and central Europe
Great Britain
the united countries of England, Scotland, and Wales, a union that dated from the early 1700's
Great Smog
four days of intense smog in London in 1952, which alerted people to poor air quality
Great War
European conflict from 1914 to 1918; also known as World War I and "the war to end all wars"
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year
Gulf Stream
a current of warm water from the Gulf of Mexico that moves north across the Atlantic, warming Ireland and the United Kingdom
head of state
in a parliamentary system, the symbolic leader of a country
Holocaust
the systematic killing of 6 million Jews and others by the Nazis before and during World War II
House of Commons
the powerful, representative lawmaking body of the United Kingdom's Parliament; controls the budget
House of Lords
the less-powerful, representative advisory lawmaking body of the United Kingdom's Parliament
human capital
workers of a business or country including their education, training, skills, and health
illiteracy rate
the percentage of a country's people who cannot read and write
imports
goods purchased from other countries
income
money coming in for a person or into a business
indigenous population
the first people known to inhabit an area
industrialized countries
countries that depend more on manufacturing than farming; generally have a high standard of living
interest
a fee for the use of money
investing
putting money into a bank account, stock, bond, or mutual fund that pays interest
laissez-faire
a decentralized market economy
Latin America
countries of Central and South America and the Caribbean having Spanish or Portuguese as their primary language
law of supply and demand
determines price based on amount of goods available, how many consumers want the goods, ans what they are willing to pay
life expectancy
the average number of years a person in a country may be reasonably expected to live
literacy rate
the percentage of a country's people who can read and write
literate
able to read and write
market economy
an economy in which changes in price guide what and how goods and services will be produced, distributed, and consumed
mestizo
in Latin America, one whose ancestors were both European and Native American
militarism
using strong armies and threats of war
mixed economy
an economy that blends characteristics of both command and market economies, but falls closer to one form or the other
monarch
a king or queen, symbol of a country; "the crown"
MP
member of parliament, elected as a representative of the people in a parliamentary system of democracy
mulatto
in Latin America, one whose ancestors were both African and European
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement, which was signed in 1994 by the United States, Canada, and Mexico eliminating tariffs
Nahuatl
Aztec language
nationalism
the love of one's country
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
an alliance of the United States, Canada, and its western European allies; formed after World War II
Nazi Party
National Socialist Party of Germany's Adolf Hitler
Oligarchic government
a government that is ruled by a few
Ottoman Empire
Turkey and its colonies
parliamentary system
type of democratic government where citizens elect MPs who choose a prime minister
penal
describes a prison
peso
the Mexican or Cuban currency
phosphorus
a chemical used in fertilizer,pesticides, toothpaste, detergents, and explosives that can pollute the water
physical capital
factories, machines, technologies, buildings, and property needed for a business to operate
physical capital investment
purchasing physical capital
Pope
leader of the Roman Catholic Church
presidential system
type of democratic government where citizens elect members of the legislature and also the chief executive, known as the president
prime minister
the head of state in a parliamentary system of democracy, responsible for running the day-to-day operations of government
profit
money left after business expenses are subtracted from business income
Quechua
the Inca language
quota
(1)in a centralized command economy, being told by government what and how much to produce in a certain time; (2)a limit placed on the number of imports that may enter a country
real
Brazilian currency
real investment
the purchase of a new home by a person or the purchase of physical capital by a business
representative democracy
a democratic form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to make government decisions
Romance languages
includes languages like French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, which come from Latin, the ancient Roman language; found in south and west of Europe
ruble
the Russian currency
Santeria
a Cuban religion based on African traditional beliefs
savings
income not spent
scarcity
limited supply of something
Scramble for Africa
the division of much of Africa among European countries between 1885 and 1910
separatist
a person who wants Quebec to be an independent country from Canada
service jobs
jobs that involve providing services to people rather than products
slag
leftover rock from the smelting process
Slavic languages
includes Russian; found in central and eastern Europe; sometimes written with Cyrillic alphabet
smokeless zones
areas of London where, in order to improve air quality, only smokeless fuels can be used
Soviet Union
a powerful communist country that supported the Castro government in Cuba
specialization
the division of labor; work is divided into parts for workers, factories, or countries to become expert at producing certain goods
State Duma
the elected body of Russia's Federal Assembly; controls the budget and makes laws; approves prime minister selected by the president
stock market crash
occurs when the value of stocks falls quickly and deeply
supply
the amount of goods available
tariff
a tax on imports
third world countries
developing nations that do not have much industry and that depend upon farming; have lower standard of living than industrialized countries
trade
the voluntary exchange of goods and services among people and countries benefiting both parties
trade barriers
ways of limiting trade by tariffs, quotas, or embargoes
traditional economy
an economy in which customs and habits of the past decide what and how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
unitary government
a form of government in which a central government operates all levels of government in a country
urban
referring to cities
viceroy
Spanish governor of conquered American lands
welfare state
government that guarantees certain benefits to the unemployed, poor, disabled, old, and sick, such as is done in the Basic Law of Germany
World War I
European conflict from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War and "the war to end all wars"
World War II
worldwide conflict lasting from 1939-1945
Zapatistas
a guerrilla group who supported improved living conditions for indigenous Mexicans; they have resorted to harassment, sabotage, and forcible takeovers of local governments
Aboriginal
people native to a region inhabiting a land before the arrival of colonists
Aborigines
indigenous peoples of Austrialia
Acid Rain
rain polluted with acid chemicals
Agrarian society
a society that focuses around farming and land
Alied Powers
those nations involved in World War 1 that were led by Great Britain and France
Allies
countries on the same side in a dispute; Britain, France, Soviet Union, and United States fought together against Axis powers during World War 2
American Revolution
(1775-1783) war in which American Colonist fought for independence from Britian
Annex
a piece of a nation's land that another nation make a part of their own.
Annual catch
number of fish caught in a given year
Anti-Semitism
anti- Jewish feelings
Archipelago
chain of islands
Arctic
region around the North Pole
Armistice
temporary halt in fighting ; a truce
Assembly Line
Workers are set up at diffrent stations to each perform a diffrent portion of putting together an item
Astronomy
the science of studying the universe as a whole
Austraila
world smallest continent; single antion between Asia and Antarctia
Australian Capital Territory
territory in New South Wales that contains the national capital of Canberra
Authoritarian
describes a political system where people of a country must obey the ruling power
Axis powers
Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought against the Allies during World War 2
Aztec
native people of central Mexico whose civilatization was at its height at the time of the spanish conquest in the early 16th century
Barter
the exchange of one good for another
Battle Of Stalingrad
location of World War 2 battle considered the bloddiest battle in human history
Bering Land Bridge
beringia; land that was once joined Siberia and Alaska
Berlin Wall
wall in Germany that separated East and West Berlin from 1961-1989
Bicameral
legislature with two branches
Biodiversity
living organisms in an enviormental system
Bishop
a high offical in the Catholic Church
Boyar
part of the Russian noble class that owned land
Budget
a plan for how much money will be spent oin each type of item that a person must buy
Cabinet
group of people appointed by a president or prime minister to help with administrative advice
Caboclo
Brazilian-Portuguesse word for mestizo
Cajuns
Louisiana descendents of French Canadians
Campesino
peasent of Latin America; usually a Spanish speaking mestizo
Canadian Shield
plateau region of eastern Canada extending from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawerence river northward to the Artic ocean
Canberra
capital of Australia
Cannibal
person who eats human beings
Capital Goods
goods used in the production of commodities
Capitalism
econiomc system in which private owners control the production of goods and profits
Cargo
items carried in a ship, airplane, or vehicle
Cargo Cult
religion that believes goods or cargo from the West are gifts from the gods
Central Powers
Germany, Austrailia, Hungary, and the Ottman Empire that fought against the Allied powers during World War 1
Christianity
religion whose followers practice Jesus' teachings
City-State
sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory
Classical Music
formal insturmental music deveolped in 18th cantury Europe that is a model of musical excellence
Climate Zone
area which, sue to latitude, alititude, Earth;s winds, and the oceans' currents, tends to have certain weather patterns year after year
Colony
a territory or body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state
Cloumbian Exchange
widespread exchange of agrilcutural goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases, and ideas between he Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occured after 1492
Command Economy
an economy that is planned and contolled by a central administration
Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR)
a 1991 free trade agreement amoung Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Compound Interest
interest computed in the as well as on the original principal
Concentration Camps
prisons where civilians, political prisoners, amd sometimes prisoners of war held, typically under harsh conditions
Confederation
group of confederates, especially of states or nations, united for a common purpose
Conquistador
conqueror, especially one of the 16th century spanish soliders who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America and Peru
Constitution
document stating basic laws to govern a country
constitutional Monarchy
form of goverment in which the king or qeen is limited by a constitution
Convento
convent or monastery in Spanish missions
cooperative
Busniess in Which capital, profits, and losses are shared equally amoung all those involved and all involved have equal rights
Corregidor
employee appointed and paid by Spanish monarchy to run a corregimiento
Corregimiento
ecomienda reclaimed by the Spanish monarchy
Coup D' etat
military takeover of a goverment
Credit
money that is borrowed
Criollo
person of Spanish descent born in Spain's American colonies; creole
Crustacean
common name for any of a group of family of invertebrates, including the crab, lobster, and shrimp
Cultural Diffusion
the spread of language and tradtions from one group to another
Cultural Exchange
sharing of culture between groups of people
Cultural Exchange
sharing of culture between groups of people
Culturally Diverse
many diffrent races, ethnicities, languages, and/or relgions existing within one place
Culture
way of life of a group of people; inculdes language, customs, belifs, traditions, and relgious practices
Currency
money
Currency Exchane Rate
the value relationship between two diffrent currencies; the ratio changes based on the economic and political standing of a country
Customs
rules of behavior that people follow within a culture
Czar
name for a ruler of Russia
D-Day
name given to dreatest seaborne invasion in history that occured on June 6, 1994; the Allies won and the Germans began to retreat
Deficit
a governing body spends more money than it brings in
Deforestation
act or process of removing trees from or clearing a forest
Democratic
describes a system in which people have a voice in government actions and can participate freely and equally in the decision-making process
Denomination
sect or grouping within a religion
Descendant
coming from or directly related to
Disciple
follower
Division of Labor
on an assembly line, each person has a seperate task to do and has the tools and skills on hand needed to do that task
Dot painting
Australian Aboriginal style of painting made from the dots instead of lines and shading
Dreaming
time of creation in the Austrialian Aboriginal relgion
Economies
socail science that deals with the production,distrubtion, and consumption of goods and services
Ecosystem
ecological community together with its enviroment, functioning as a unit
Embargo
a ban on trade with a country for political reasons
Econmienda
owner of the ecomienda; obliged to teach Christianity
Entrepreneur
person who is willing to take a risk to create busniess to sell a new techinque, idea, or product
Ethnic Group
people in a region who share ancestry, language, and culture
Euro
currency of the European Union
European Economic Community (EEC)
established in 1958 to control member nations' economies
European Theater
term used to refer to two areas of fighting during World War 2: the western front and the eastern front
European Union (EU)
evolved out of the EEC and has created one economic market out of the member nations' economies
Exporter
busniessperson who transports goods abroad
Export
to send items from one country to another by trade or sale
Fair Trade
the practice of a manufacturer and retailer agreeingon a price at which a product can be sold
Fascism
totalitarilan government that has complete control over its citizens' political, economic, religious, and cultural activities
Federal Government System
a system of government where in the national and state governments share power
Federal Parlimentary Democracy
system in which a central government is controlled by a democratically elected Parliament
Fedual Society
economic and social structure in Europe during the Middle Ages where a few ;prds owned much of the land and others had to work on the land for those lords
Figurehead
powerless head of state
First Nations
native people of Canada, related to people who came from Asia about 12,000 years ago
Fishery
place for catching fish
Free Trade
trade between nations without protective customs tariffs
Free trade Area of the Americans (FTAA)
an attempt to bring all of the countries in Central America and the West Indies into free trade with each other
French and Indian War
North American phase of a war between France and Britian to control colonial territory
Fresco
type of painting made by applying colored pigments to wet plaster
Fuhrer
Hitlers title in German, meaning leader
Glasnost
A russian term meaning ploitical openess
Global Warming
gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollutants; climate change
Governor
a person elected or appointed to act as ruler or head of a political unit
Governor-General
governor of a lrage territory who has other subordinate governors under hius or her jurisdiction
Great Barrier Reef
worlds largest coral reef off the coast of Queens;and, Austrailia, in the Coral Sea
Great Lakes
five lakes in central North America; the lakes are Superior, Micigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario
Great Sandy Desert
desert in Western Australia
Great victoria Desert
desert in South and Western Australia named after British Queen Victoria
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total amount of goods and services produced in a country
Guerrilla
Spanish for "little war" a person who engages in irregular warfare
Guerrilla Warfare
small mobile groups of non-government soldiers using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, spies, and swception to fight a larger goernment force such as an army or police force
Entrepreneur
person who is willing to take a risk to create busniess to sell a new techinque, idea, or product
Ethnic Group
people in a region who share ancestry, language, and culture
Euro
currency of the European Union
European Economic Community (EEC)
established in 1958 to control member nations' economies
European Theater
term used to refer to two areas of fighting during World War 2: the western front and the eastern front
European Union (EU)
evolved out of the EEC and has created one economic market out of the member nations' economies
Exporter
busniessperson who transports goods abroad
Export
to send items from one country to another by trade or sale
Fair Trade
the practice of a manufacturer and retailer agreeingon a price at which a product can be sold
Fascism
totalitarilan government that has complete control over its citizens' political, economic, religious, and cultural activities
Federal Government System
a system of government where in the national and state governments share power
Federal Parlimentary Democracy
system in which a central government is controlled by a democratically elected Parliament
Fedual Society
economic and social structure in Europe during the Middle Ages where a few ;prds owned much of the land and others had to work on the land for those lords
Figurehead
powerless head of state
First Nations
native people of Canada, related to people who came from Asia about 12,000 years ago
Fishery
place for catching fish
Free Trade
trade between nations without protective customs tariffs
Free trade Area of the Americans (FTAA)
an attempt to bring all of the countries in Central America and the West Indies into free trade with each other
French and Indian War
North American phase of a war between France and Britian to control colonial territory
Fresco
type of painting made by applying colored pigments to wet plaster
Fuhrer
Hitlers title in German, meaning leader
Glasnost
A russian term meaning ploitical openess
Global Warming
gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollutants; climate change
Governor
a person elected or appointed to act as ruler or head of a political unit
Governor-General
governor of a lrage territory who has other subordinate governors under hius or her jurisdiction
Great Barrier Reef
worlds largest coral reef off the coast of Queens;and, Austrailia, in the Coral Sea
Great Lakes
five lakes in central North America; the lakes are Superior, Micigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario
Great Sandy Desert
desert in Western Australia
Great victoria Desert
desert in South and Western Australia named after British Queen Victoria
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total amount of goods and services produced in a country
Guerrilla
Spanish for "little war" a person who engages in irregular warfare
Guerrilla Warfare
small mobile groups of non-government soldiers using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, spies, and swception to fight a larger goernment force such as an army or police force
Hacienda
ranch where farming and cattle ranching take place
Hajj
pilgrimage by muslims to Mecca
Holocaust
murder of Eouperan Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and dissenters by the Nazis during World War 2
House of Commons
one of two governing bodies in the British parliament
House of Lords
one of two governing bodies in the British parliament
Hudson Bay
an inlet in northeast Canada that is 850 miles long
Hudson's Bay Company
powerful fur trading company that helped explore much of western Canada
Human capital
the value that people bring to the marketplace
Humanism
Renaissance idea that focuses on the importance of the individual
Hydroelectric power
electricty made from water moving through a dam
Ideology
ideas or theroies that guide indivuals, social movements, or groups of people
Illiteracy
inability to read and write
Imperialism
strategy by which a state tries to put other states under its political or economic control; colonialsim
Import
bring or carry in from an outside source, espically to bring in goods or materials from a foregin country for trade or sale
Import quota
a limit to the amount of a specific good that is imported
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
