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Chapter 1 A&P Vocab
Chapter 1 A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human Anatomy | the study of the structure of the human body |
| Human Physiology | the study of the functions of the human body |
| Cell | the smallest unit capable of carrying out the functions of life |
| Metabolism | the sum of the bodys chemical reactions |
| Growth | an increase in the size of an individual cell or an increase in the number of cells; occurs when anabolic processes outweigh catabolic processes |
| Excretion | the process by which waste products are removed from the body |
| Responsiveness | the property of living organisms by which they sense & react to changes in their environment |
| Reproduction | the production of new cells within an organism or the production of offspring |
| Chemical | a substance with a unique molecular composition that is used in or produced by chemical processes |
| Tissue | a group of structurally and functionally related cells & their extracellular matrix |
| Organ | two or more tissues combined to produce a structure that has a recognizable shape & that performs a specialized task |
| Organ System | two or more organs that work together to carry out a broad function in the body |
| Systemic Anatomy | the study of the human body taken from the perspective of individual organ systems |
| Regional Anatomy | the study of the human body taken from the perspective of specific body regions |
| Surface Anatomy | the study of the surface marking of the human body |
| Gross Anatomy | the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the unaided eye |
| Microscopic Anatomy | the study of the structures of the human body that require the use of a microscope for observation |
| Hystology | the study of tissues |
| Cytology | the study of cells |
| Anatomical Position | the standard position in which anatomical specimen is presented, in which a subject is facing forward, arms at the side with the palms facing outward, & the feet are shoulder width apart |
| Anterior | toward the front; VENTRAL |
| Posterior | toward the back; DORSAL |
| Superior | toward the head; CRANIAL |
| Inferior | away from the head or towards the tail; CAUDAL |
| Proximal | a position that is closer to the point of origin; usually the trunk |
| Distal | a position that is farther away from the point of origin; usually the trunk |
| Medial | a position that is closer to the midline of the body or a body part |
| Lateral | a position that is farther away from the midline of the body or a body part |
| Superficial | a position that is closer to the surface of the body |
| Deep | a position that is farther away from the surface of the body or ore within the bodys interior |
| Axial Region | the portion of the body consisting of the head, neck, & trunk |
| Appendicular Region | the portion of the body consisting of the upper & lower limbs |
| Sagittal Plane | a plane of section that divides the body or body part into right & left portions |
| Midsagittal Plane | a plane of section that divides the body or body part into equal right & left portions; MEDIAN PLANE |
| Parasagittal Plane | a plane of section that divides the body or body part into unequal right & left portions |
| Frontal Plane | a plane of section that divides the body or body part into anterior & posterior portions; CORONAL PLANE |
| Transverse Plane | a plane of section that divides the body or body part into superior & inferior or proximal & distal portions; HORIZONTAL PLANE or CROSS SECTION |
| Oblique Plane | taken at an angle & is useful for examining structures, such as knee joint |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | the major body cavity located mostly on the posterior side of the body |
| Ventral Body Cavity | the major body cavity located mostly on the anterior side of the body |
| Cranial Cavity | a dorsal body cavity located within the skull that houses the brain |
| Vertebral Cavity | a dorsal body cavity located within the vertebral column that houses the spinal cord |
| Diaphragm | the dome-shaped muscle located between the thoracic & abdominal cavities; the main muscle for breathing |
| Thoracic Cavity | a ventral body cavity located within the area superior to the diaphragm that encompasses the area of the thorax |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | a ventral body cavity located within the area inferior to the diaphragm that encompasses the area of the abdomen & the pelvis |
| Pleural Cavity | a thin potential space between the parietal & visceral pleural membranes surrounding the lungs; contains a thin layer of serous fluid |
| Peritoneal Cavity | the narrow space between the visceral & parietal peritoneal membranes that is filled with serous fluid |
| Hypochondriac Region | regions below cartilage of ribs |
| Epigastric Region | region above stomach |
| Lumbar Region | same region as lumbar vertebrae |
| Umbilical Region | region over umbilicus |
| Iliac/Inguinal Region | over the iliac & inguinal region |
| Hypogastric Region | lies below the stomach |
| Serous Membranes | thin sheets of tissue that envelop certain organs & produce serous fluid |
| Serous Fluid | a thin, watery secretion from a serous membrane that lubricates an organ in a cavity within the serous membrane |
| Visceral Layer | the inner layer that contacts the organ |
| Parietal Layer | the outer layer that attaches to surrounding structures |
| Pleural Membrane | around the lungs, consists of the parietal pleural & the visceral pleura |
| Pericardial Membrane | around the heart, consists of parietal pericardium & the visceral pericardium |
| Peritoneal Membrane | around abdominal organs, consists of parietal peritoneum & visceral peritoneum |
| Homeostasis | the maintenance of the body's stable internal environment |
| Feedback Loops | a homeostatic control mechanism in which a change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back & affect that same variable. |
| Negative Feedback Loop | the response in which the change in a regulated variable in one direction results in actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction |
| Positive Feedback Loop | a type of feedback loop in which the effectors activity increases, reinforcing the initial stimulus & amplifying the response of the effector |
| Set Point | the normal range of values of a regulated variable |
| Receptor | a protein within a membrane that binds to a ligand |
| Control Center | the component of a feedback loop that receives a stimulus from a receptor & regulates the output of an effector |
| Effector | cell or organ that causes a physiological response |
| Principle of Complementarity of Structure & Function | a core principle of anatomy & physiology; states that the structure of a chemical, cell, tissue, or organ is always such that it best suits its function |
| Gradient | a condition in which more of something exists in one area than in another & the two areas are connected |
Created by:
KelseyDMiller
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