A&P2

Question	Answer
PANCREAS
Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1 (JOD)Insulin Hyposecretion (protein)	Hyperglcemia. An autoimmune disease affecting the islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets). IDDM, insulin dependent diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2 (MOD)No hyposecretion of insulin	Hyperglycemia. Results from a loss of sensitivity by target cells. Non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Diabetes Insipidus - ADH. Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion. Polypeptide.	Leads to loss of fluid as urine production increases. Excessive thirst. Polyuria and polydipsia. No polyphagia.
ADRENAL
Addison's Disease - Cortticosteroid(steroid) or ACTH(protein) hyposecretion.	Adrenal insuffiencency. Low blood pressure, low blood glucose, low blood sodium, high blood potassium. Increased skin pigmentation due to MSH effect. Poor electrolyte balance due to mineralcorticoid deficiency. Low blood glucose=glucocorticoid imsuffiency
Cushing's Disease - Corticosteroid(steroid) hypersecretion.	Adrenal hypersecretion. Muscle wasting. Bone tissue loss, high blood glucose, increased sodium retention, fluid retention by either the pituitary or unusual deposits of adipose tissue.
Gigantism Growth - Somatotropin, STH(proteins) hypersecretion.	Hypersecretion in childhood: height 8 ft. Lack of ossification of epiphyseal in childhood hormone, discs,excess growth soft tissue. Decreased carbohydrate utilization, increased production of protein higher than normal mitotic rates.
Acromegaly - Excess in adults. GH, STH(proteins) hypersecretion.	No further height increase. Thickening of bone, enlarged jaw, tongue, distorted facial features.
Dwarfism - Growth hormone hyposecretion or hormone insensitivity (protein) in childhood.	Lack of GH or loss of tissue sensitivity. Smaller stature. Normal proportion of body parts. Normal mental development. Premature ossification of epiphyseal discs. Probable sexual immaturity(sterility).
THYROID
Myxedema - Hyposecretion in adults.	Hyposecretion later in life, swollen tissue, low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, poor appetite, mentally dull.
Creatinism - Hyposecretion in childhood	Stunted growth, sluggishness, mental retardation, abnormal bone formation, low body temperature, sensitive to cold.
Goiter - Hyposecretion of Thyroxine(amino acid devrivaive). (Endemic Goiter/Simple Goiter)	Low metabolic rate, low body temperature, sluggishness. iodine deficiency. Enlarged thyroid gland(the goiter).
Goiter - Hypersecretion of Thyroxine(amino acid derivative). Excess TSH. Toxic Goiter	Hypersecretion. High metabolic rate. Sensitivity to heat. restless, overactive, excessive eating, exopthalmos(bulging eyes(. Enlarged thyroid gland(goiter).
PARATHYROID
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica - Parathyroid hormone (PTH)hypersecretion. Polypeptide.	Excessive PTH secretion. Increased osteoclast activity, higher blood calcium, lower or normal phosphate, brittle bones, bones contain fibrous cysts.
Osteomalacia Rickets - Hyposecretion of PTH hormone, kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.	Calcium not properly absorbed from food. Low/normal plasma phosphate, abnormal bone formation, bones deformed by stress.
BLOOD
Anemia - reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Measured by __________.	1.Hemocrit 2.Red blood cell count 3.Hemoglobin concentration.
Hematocrit (HCT)	% of whole blood that is red cell volume.Females 42-48. Males 46-54. Low=anemia. High=polycytemia.
Red Cell Count	# red blood cells per (cmm), (mm3) or (ul). 4.2 - 5.4 million red blood cells (RBC's) per cmm. Low=anemia.
Hemoglobin Concentration (Hb)	grams of Hemoglobin(Hb) per 100ml of whole blood. 12-16 grams per 100ml (adult normal). Low in elderly. Low=anemia
White Cell Count	4,000-10,000 cmm WBC's. High=leukocytosis (during infection). Low=leukopenia. Leukemia= 100,000+ WBC's.
differential Count (dif)
Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)	250,000-400,00 cmm. Tiny fragments of cells responsible for for blood clotting. Thrombocytopenia= low platelets. high=throbocytosis.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Neutrophil(PMN)(Grandulocyte)	70% of WBC's (most plentiful). 3-5 lobes. Nucleus is purple. small, pink blue or purple grandules. stains neither pink or blue.
Eosinophil(Grandulocyte)	3-5% of WBC's. Bi-lobed. Nucleus is pink-red grandules. Likes eosin(red dye)
Basophil(Grandulocyte)	<1% of WBC's (least plentiful). Nucleus obscurbed by grandules that are pleniful. Horseshoe shape. Grandules are blue.
Monocyte(Agrandulocyte)	2-8% of WBC's. Largest WBC, 3-5 times larger.Nucleus has indentation and resembles brain surface. No grandules.
Lymphocyte(Agrandulocyte)	20-25% of WBC's(most plentiful agrandulocyte). Very dark staining nucleus. Nucleus is ball shaped. No grandules.

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