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Neuro1.7.09

1.7.09

Question	Answer
Name 11 derivatives of neural crest cells	PNS c.; Pseudounipolar ganglion c. of spin. and cran. nerve ganglia; Schwann c.; Multipolar ganglion c.; Leptomeninges; Chromaffin c.; Melanocytes; Odontoblasts; Aorticopulm. septum of heart; Parrifollicular c.; Skeletal/connective tissue of phar. arches
Give rise to peripheral nerves and sensory and autonomic ganglia	Peripheral nervous system cells
Give rise to myelin sheath	Schwann cells
Related to autonomic ganglia	Multipolar ganglion cells
Give rise to pia and arachnoid around brain and spinal cord	Leptomeninges
Give rise to epinephrine in the suprarenal medulla	Chromaffin cells
Pigment cells	Melanocytes
Give rise to predentin	Odontoblasts
Calcitonin -producing C-cells	Parrifollicular cells
Name the parts of the three-vesicle stage	Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
What do the three vesicles of the three-vesicle stage differentiate into?	Prosencephalon (rostral) → Telencephalon
What does the Telencephalon differentiate into?	Telencephalon (dorsal) → Cerebral cortex and hippocampus
What does the Mesencephalon differentiate into?	Cerebral aqueduct
What does the Diencephalon differentiate into?	Diencephalon → Basal ganglia → Basal forebrain, olfactory bulbs caudal thalamus, hypothalamus, optic cups
What does the Metencephalon differentiate into?	Cerebellum and pons
What does the Myelencephalon differentiate into?	Medulla
What are BMPs and how are they used?	Bone Morphogenic Proteins. They are soluble protein ligands that bind to bone morphogenic protein receptors (BMPRs) and release transcription factors into the nucleus for development of ectodermal cells.
What are two important regulators in nervous tissue development and describe their function?	Noggin and Chordin.These are BMP antagonists and block BMPs from binding to BMPRs. High concentrations of Noggin and Chordin are released near BMPRs and bind a sufficient amount of receptors allowing cells to develop into nervous tissue (default).
How is shaping of the neural tube accomplished?	Shaping of the neural tube is accomplished using cadhedrins, which are the self binding proteins that allow cells to clump together.
When is the Neuronal birthdate?	When a cell divides for the last time, leaves the ventricle, and migrates to its appropriate location
Abnormal islands or clusters of cells, usually in the cortex	Heterotopias
Which cells of the Hippocampus are being developed postnatally?	cells in the subventricular zone-->granule cells of the dentate gyrus
Which cells of the Cerebellum are being developed postnatally?	rhombic lip, lateral migration of cerebellar granule cells
Which cells of the Thalamus are being developed postnatally?	ganglionic eminence, rhombic lip equivalent for some thalamic neurons
Segmentation and regionalization of neuromeres (giving rise to forebrain structures) and rhombomeres (giving rise to hindbrain structures) are coded by ___________ ____________	Intrinsic Factors
Which genes specify the anterior-posterior axis and segment identity of hindbrain structures during early embryonic development?	Hox genes
Which genes specify the anterior-posterior axis and segment identity of forebrain structures during early embryonic development?	Ox1, Ox2, Pax genes.
What is a group of cells located near the posterior edge of the neural tube of the developing embryo?	Hensen's node
Where does the Anterior/Posterior difference in specification come from?	Low (hindbrain) and high (forebrain) affinity receptors to Retinoic Acid (RA) at certain areas.
What is comprised of a group of cells located at the ventral aspect of the neural tube?	The floorplate.
What types of SHH receptors form which types of neurons?	Low-affinity receptors for SHH are activated ventrally (in the basal floorplate) to form motor neurons while high-affinity receptors (in the alar floorplate) are activated by SHH to form somatosensory neurons
What type of neural tube closure failure occurs when retinoic acid is over-secreted? undersecreted?	Anencephaly. Spina bifida.
Name 3 ways axons find their way to make proper connections.	• Axon path finding: using growth cones as guides
The tips of growing axons have_________ ________, which stick out and explore the extracellular environment	growth cones
Growth cones possess fine processes called __________, which rapidly form and disappear as they sense the environment	Filopodia
What do you call the axon that everybody follows because it developed in the correct direction?	Guidepost cell
What axon guidance molecules are transmembrane or membrane-associated and signal via Eph Receptors (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases)?	Ephrins
What axon guidance molecules are primarily repulsive cues that can either be bound to the cell surface or secreted?	Semaphorins
What do you follow want to follow basal lamina?	Integrins
What do you follow if you want to follow oligodendrocytes (glial cell direction)?	Ng-CAMs
What do you follow if you want to follow an axon pathway that is already existing in the body (neural cell direction)?	N-CAM
When do we have Polyneuronal Innervation?	In early development.
What protein do motor neurons release that embeds in the basal lamina or synaptic cleft and that allows Ach receptors to aggregate and come together in one spot near the synapse, anchoring them there, and promoting point to point elegance of the NMJ?	Agrin
What mediates apoptosis?	Neurotrophins
What are the three types of regeneration or repair in the adult nervous system?	Regrowth of severed peripheral axons, local sprouting or longer extension of axons and dendrites at sites of traumatic damage, and ongoing generation of new neurons in the brain.
Trace the signal flow in the sensory system	external world -> sensory receptors -> spinal cord -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex
What are the two components that encode the magnitude of a stimulus?	Frequency of APs within a single axon and number of axons activated
What are the two types of adaptation receptors?	Phasic (rapid) and tonic (slow)
Spinal cord grey matter is divided into 9 different...	...Rexed's laminae
Dorsal and ventral horns on each side are connected to each other by...	...Spinal Cord Commissure
How is the anterolateral system organized?	Contralaterally
How are the dorsal column pathways organized?	Ipsilaterally
In Brown-Sequard Syndrome, which side has loss of pain and which has loss of touch and pressure perception?	• Ipsilateral loss of touch, pressure perception below the level of the lesion.
In Syringomyelia, what kind of loss of sensation do you get?	Loss of pain and temperature sensation on both sides
What do the two posterior spinal arteries supply?	The dorsal 1/3 of the spinal cord
What do the embryological ventral and dorsal thalamus become?	The thalamus as we know it today is all embryologically Dorsal thalamus.The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus (sheet surrounding the thalamus) is an embryological derivative of the ventral thalamus.
What nucleus in the thalamus is responsible for somatosensation of the head?	Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM)
What nucleus in the thalamus is responsible for somatosensation of the body?	Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL)
What nucleus in the thalamus is responsible for olfaction?	Medial Dorsal
What nucleus in the thalamus is responsible for vision?	Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
What nucleus in the thalamus is responsible for audition?	Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)
What are the 2 ways in which nuclei of the thalamus project to the cerebral cortex?	Dense Projections (specific; goes to layer 4 and 6) and Diffuse Projections (diffuse; goes to layer 1)
What does the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus contain?	ONLY GABA cells.
How is thalamic signaling self-limiting?	Activation of the thalamic nuclei actives the TRN which inhibits that thalamic nuclei. If the TRN is active it can shut down the thalamus.
What is the Brainstem Reticular Formation (BRF)?	A group of neurons diffusely scattered in the brain stem.
BRF synapse with neurons in the ________ and _________ through _____________.	forebrain, brainstem, acetylcholine.
What are the two possible pathways and what receptors do they use?	Excitatory (Nicotinic) and Inhibitory (Muscarinic)
Glutamatergic, excitatory, large and small varieties, tend to project to other areas	Pyramidal Cells
Excitatory, located in layer 4, specialized to receive projections from the thalamus, involved in intracortical projections	Spiny Stellate Cells
GABAergic, local circuit cells	Nonpyramidal Cells

Created by: proguy911 on 2009-01-14

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Neuro1.7.09

1.7.09