Made up of 2 layers called the periosteal layer and meningeal layer
Dura Mater
Has filaments that anchor next layer to dura. It contains the vessels which run on top of the brain and is bathed in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
Arachnoid Mater
Tissue layer (delicate and thin) that covers the entire surface of the brain. It dives into the sulcus grooves and adheres to the brain’s surface.
Pia Mater
Space between the skull and the dura
Epidural space
Space between the dura and the arachnoid
Subdural space
Prevent side to side motion of the spinal cord
Dentate ligaments
Attaches spinal cord to base of spinal column, and anchors it tightly
Filum terminale
Fluid fills between periosteum and dura. Looks like a round lens shaped filling. This is due to the fact that the dura gets pushed down into CNS
Epidural Hemorrhage
Fluid fills between dura and arachnoid layers. Will form a crescent shape, as the blood will follow the contour of the brain
Subdural Hemorrhage
Brain matter is forced underneath falx cerebri and cortex is squeezed along midline
Midline herniation
Uncus is pushed through cerebelli tentorium and puts pressure on the brainstem (mostly midbrain)
Uncal herniation
Cerebellar tonsils move downward through the foramen magnum, possibly causing lower brainstem compression and upper cervical spinal cord compression as they pass through the foramen magnum
Cerebellar Tonsils herniation
A series of interconnected, cerebral spinal fluid filled spaces that lie in the core of the forebrain and brainstem
The Ventricular System
connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle at the midline of the brain
Foramen of Monro
connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
connects 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space/cistern of great cerebral vein
Foramen of Luschka
connects 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space/cisterna magna
Foramen of Magendie
Opening in subarachnoid space that serves as a holding tank for CSF
Cistern
Area on the ventricles of the brain where CSF is produced
Choroid plexus
Pressure-driven pumps that dump CSF into venous space
Arachnoid granulations
Trace the flow of CSF
chorioid plexus→lateral ventricle→foramen of Monro→3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct→ 4th ventricle→cisterns→gets pushed out into arachnoid space→ arachnoid granulation→venous sinuses
When there is more than normal amount of CSF in brain
Hydrocephalus
Cells that control the substances and molecules that enter the brain.
Blood Brain Barrier
Local signaling where the chemical signal is broken down too quickly to travel throughout the body
Paracrine Signaling
Chemical signaling hormones are sent throughout the body to affect cells at a distant location through the vascular system – called neurohormones
Endocrine Signaling
Transmission of the signal is achieved through the use of gap junctions between neighboring cells, whereby passage of small molecules between the interconnected cells is allowed
Electrical Synaptic Signaling
Transmission of the neural signal is achieved by use of a chemical neurotransmitter
Chemical Synaptic Signaling
Acts just like native neurotransmitter
Agonist
Binds to native neurotransmitter receptor, but does nothing
Antagonist
Binds to native neurotransmitter receptor, has opposite effect
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