A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.
Proprioception (1)
The cumulative sensory input to teh central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement
Proprioceptively enriched environments (1)
An unstable (yet controllable) physical situation in which exercises are performed that causes the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms
Phases of Training (1)
Smaller divisions of training progressions that fall within the three building blocks of training
Muscular Endurance (1)
A muscle's ability to contract for an extended period of time
Neuromuscular Efficiency (1)
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically stabilize the entire kinetic chain in all three planes of motion.
Prime Mover (1)
The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power
Superset (1)
Set of two exercises that are performed back to back, without any rest time between them
Rate of Force Production (1)
How quickly a muscle can generate force
Kinetic Chain (2)
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
Nervous system (2)
The communication network within the body
Sensory function (2)
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Integrative function (2)
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
Motor function (2)
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
Neuron (2)
The functional unit of the nervous system
Sensory (afferent) neurons (2)
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord
Interneurons (2)
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Motor (efferent) neurons (2)
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Central nervous system (2)
Composed fo the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (2)
Crainal and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Mechanoreceptors (2)
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Muscle Spindles (2)
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi Tendon Organs (2)
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Joint receptors (2)
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleartion, and deceleration in the joint
Skeletal System (2)
The body's framework, composed of bones and joints
Bones (2)
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Joints (2)
The movable junction where two or more bones meet
Axial skeleton (2)
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton (2)
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Depression (2)
Flatened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
Process (2)
Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Arthokinmatics (2)
Joint motion
Synovial Joints (2)
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
Nonsynovial Joints (2)
Joints that do not have a joint caviity, connective tissue, or cartilage
Ligament (2)
primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitaion of improper joing movement
Muscular System (2)
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
Tendons (2)
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Sarcomere (2)
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of acting and myosin
Neural Activation (2)
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimuation
Motor unit (2)
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Neurotransmitter (2)
Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Cardiorespiratory System (3)
A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Cardiovascular system (3)
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Heart (3)
A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction
Mediastinum (3)
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs fo the chest, except the lungs
Atrium (3)
The superior chamber of the herat that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles
Ventricle (3)
The inferior chamber fo the heart that receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries
Blood (3)
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also rids the body of waste products
Blood vessels (3)
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body
Arteries (3)
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins (3)
Vessels that carry blood form the capillaries toward the heart
Arterioles (3)
Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries
Capillaries (3)
Teh smallest blood vessels, which connect venules with arterioles
Venules (3)
Teh very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins
Respiratory system (3)
A system of organs (the lugns and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream
Inspiration (3)
The process of actively contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into the body
Expiration (3)
The process of actively or passively relaxing inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body
Aerobic (3)
Requires oxygen
Anaerobic (3)
Does not require oxygen
Bioenergetics (3)
Teh biology of energy transformations and exchanges within the body, and between it and the environment
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (3)
A cellular structure that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis
Biomechanics (4)
A study that uses principles of physics to quantitavely study how forces interact within a living body
Superior (4)
Positioned above a point of reference
Inferior (4)
Positioned below a point of reference
Proximal (4)
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
Distal (4)
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
Anterior (or ventral) (4)
On the front of the body
Posterior (or dorsal) (4)
On the back of the body
Medial (4)
Positioned near the middle of the body
Lateral (4)
Toward the outside of the body
Contralateral (4)
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral (4)
Positioned on the same side of the body
Sagittal plane (4)
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
Flexion (4)
The bending of a joint, causing the angle to the joint to decrease
Extension (4)
Teh straightening of a joint, causing the angle to joint to increase
Frontal Plane (4)
An imaginary bisector that dives the body into front and back halves
Abduction (4)
Movement of a body part away from the middle of the body
Adduction (4)
Movement of a body part toward the middle of the body
Transverse plane (4)
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Internal rotation (4)
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
External rotation (4)
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
Eccentric contraction (4)
The lengthening of a muscle
Isometric contraction (4)
A muscle maintaining a certain length
Concentric contraction (4)
The shortening of a muscle
Force (4)
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
Length-tension relationship (4)
The length at which a muscle can produce the greatest force
Force-couple (4)
Muscle groups moving toether to produce movement around a joint
Rotary motion (4)
Movement of the bones around the joints
Torque (4)
A force that produces rotation
Motor behavior (4)
The process of the body responding to internal and external stimuli
Motor control (4)
Teh study of posture and movements and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experience
Synergies (4)
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
Sensorimotor Integration (4)
The cooperation of teh nervous and muscular system in gathering information, interpreting, and executing movement
Motor learning (4)
Repeated practice of motor control processes, which lead to a change in thh ability to produce complex movements
Feedback (4)
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the kinetic chain in motor learning
Internal Feedback (4)
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
External Feedback (4)
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment
Objective information (5)
Measurable data about a client's phsycial state such as body composition, movement, and cardiovascular ability
Posture (5)
The alignment and function of all components of the kinetic chain at any given moment
Structural efficiency (5)
Teh alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows our center of gravity to be maintained over our base of support
Functional efficiency (5)
Teh ability of the neuromuscular system to monitor and manipulate movement during functional tasks using the least amount of energy, creating teh least amount of stress on the kinetic chain
Postural equilibrium (5)
Maintain a state of balance in the alignment of the kinetic chain
Functional strength (5)
The ability of teh neuromuscular system ot contract eccentrically, isomentrically, and concentrically in all three planes of motion
Postural Distortion Patterns (5)
Predictable occurrences of muscle imbalances caused by altered movement patters
Flexibility (6)
The normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allow the full range of motion of a joint
Extensibility (6)
Capability to be elongated or stretched
Dynamic Range of Motion (6)
Teh combination of flexibility and the nervous system's ability to control this range of motion efficiently
Dynamic functional flexibility (6)
Multiplanar soft tissue extensibility with optimal neuromuscular efficiency throughout the full range of motion
Postural Distortion Patterns (6)
Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances
Relative flexibility (6)
The tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance during functional movement patterns
Autogenic inhibition (6)
The process when neural impulses that sense tension is greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles
Pattern overload (6)
Consistently repeating teh same pattern of motion, which may place abnormals stresses on the body
Davis's Law (6)
States that soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Static Stretching (6)
Teh process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 20 seconds
Active-isolated stretch (6)
The process of using agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion
Dynamic stretch (6)
The active extension of a muscle, using force production and momentum, to move the joint through the full available range of motion
Integrated cardiorespiratory training (7)
Training that involves and places a stress on the cardiorespiratory system
General warm-up (7)
Low-intensity exercise consisting of movements that do not necessarily relate to the more intense exercise that is to follow
Specific warm-up (7)
Low-intensity exercise consisting of movements that mimic those that will be included in teh more intense exercise that is to follw
Time (7)
The length of time an individual is engaged in a given activity
Type (7)
Teh type or mode of physical activity that an individual is engaged in
Enjoyment (7)
The amount of pleasure derived from performing a physical activity
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) (7)
Elevation of teh body's metabolism after exercise
Core (8)
The lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and the thoracic and cervical spine, where teh body's center of gravity is located
Drawing-in maneuver (8)
Teh action of pulling the belly button in toward the spine
Intramuscular coordination (8)
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow optimal levels of motor unit recruitment and synchronization within a muscle
Intermuscular coordination (8)
The ability of teh neuromuscular system to allow all muscles to work together with proper activation and timing between them
Dynamic joint stabilization (9)
The ability of the kinetic chain to stabilize a joint during movement
Multisensory condition (9)
Training environment that provides heightened stimulation to proprioceptors and mechanoreceptors
Controlled instability (9)
Training environment that is as unstable as can safely be controlled by an individual.
Reactive training (10)
Exercises that use quick, powerful movements involving an eccentric contraction immediately followed by an explosive concentric contraction
Integrated performance paradigm (10)
To move with efficiency, forces must be reduced (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and tehn produced (concentrically)
Speed (11)
The ability to move the body in one intended direction as fast as possible
Agility (11)
Teh ability to accelerate, decelearte, stabilize, and change direction quickly, while maintain proper posture
Quickness (11)
Teh ability to react and change body position with maximum rate of force production, in all planes of motion, from all body positions, during functional activites
General adaptation syndrom (12)
Teh kinetic chain's ability to adapt to stresses placed on it
Alarm reaction (12)
The alarm reaction is the initial reaction to a stressor
Resistance development (12)
The body increases its functional capacity to adapt to the stressor
Exhaustion (12)
Prolonged stress or stress that is intolerable and will produce exhaustion or distress to the system
Preiodization (12)
Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages
Principle of specificity or specific adaptation to imposed demands (SAID principle) (12)
Principle that states the body will adapt to the specific demands that are placed on it
Mechanical specificity (12)
Refers to the weight and movements placed on the body
Neuromuscular specificity (12)
Refers to the speed of contraction and exercise selection
Metabolic specificity (12)
Refers to the energy demand placed on the body
Strength (12)
The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force
Muscular endurance (12)
The ability of teh body to produce low levels of force and maintain them for extended periods
Stability (12)
The ability of the body to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement
Strength endurance (12)
The ability of the body to repeatedly produce high levels of force for prolonged periods
Hypertrophy (12)
Enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers in response to overcoming force from high volumes of tension
Maximal strength (12)
The maximum force that a muscle can produce in a single, voluntary effort, regardless of velocity
Power (12)
Ability of the neruomuscular system to produce the greatest force in the shortest time
Vertical loading (12)
Alternating body parts trained from set to set, starting from the upper extremity and moving to the lower extremity
Horizontal loading (12)
Performing all sets of an exercise or body part before moving on to the next exercise or body part
Program design (13)
A purposeful system or plan put together to help an individual achieve a specific goal
Acute variables (13)
Important components that specify how each exercise is to be performed
Repetition (or "rep") (13)
One complete movement of a single exercise
Set (13)
A group of consecutive repetitions
Training Intensity (13)
An individual's level of effort, compared with their maximal effort, which is usually expressed as a percentage of 1RM
Repetition tempo (13)
The speed with which each repetition is performed
Rest interval (13)
The time taken to recuperate between sets
Training volume (13)
Amount of physical training performed within a specified period
Training frequency (13)
The number of training sessions performed during a specified period (usually 1 week)
Training duration (13)
The timeframe of a workout (including warm-up and cool-down) or the length of time spent in one phase of training
Exercise selection (13)
The process of choosing appropriate exercises for a client's program
Training Plan (13)
The specific outline, created by a fitness professional to meet a client's goals, that details the form of training, length of time, future changes, and specific exercies to be performed
Annual plan (13)
Generalized training plan that spans 1 year to show when the client will progress between phases
Monthly Plan (13)
Generalized training plan that spans 1 month and shows which phases will be required each day of each week
Weekly Plan (13)
Training plan of specific workouts that spans 1 week, to show which exercies are required each day of the week
Diabetes (14)
Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
Hypertension (14)
Raised systemic arterial blood pressure, which, if sustained at a high enough level, is likely to induce cardiovascular or end-organ damage
Osteopenia (14)
A decrease in the calcification or density of bone as well as reduced bone mass
Osteoporosis (14)
Condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass and density as well as an increase in the space between bones, resulting in porosity and fragility
Arthritis (14)
Chronic inflammation of the joints
Ostearthritis (14)
Arthritis in which cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or thins out, as a result of trauma or other conditions
Rheumatoid arthritis (14)
Arthritis primarily affecting connective tissues, in which there is a thickening of articular soft tissue, and extnesion of synovial tissue over articular cartilages that have become eroded
Cancer (14)
Any of various types of malignant neoplasms, most o which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause death of the patient unless adequately treated
Restrictive lung disease (14)
The condition of a fibrous lung tissue, which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs
Obstructive lung disease (14)
The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, generally caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production
Intermittent claudication (14)
The manifestation of the symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease
Peripheral arterial disease (14)
A condition characterized by narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities
Nutrition (15)
The sum of the processes by which an animal or plant takes in and uses food substances
Protein (15)
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Carbohydrates (15)
Neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (such as sugars, starches, and celluloses), which make up a large portion of animal foods
Lipids (15)
A group of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols
Dietary Supplement (16)
A substance that completes or makes an addition to daily dietary intake
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (16)
The average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals who are in a particular life stage and gender group
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (16)
The average daily nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals who are in a particular life stage and gender group
Adequate Intake (AI) (16)
A recommended average daily nutrient intake level, based on observed (or experimentally determined) approsimations or estimates of nutrient intake that are asusume to be adequate for a group (or groups) of healthy people. Used when RDA cannot be
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) (16)
The highes average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse health effects increase
Root Cause Analysis (17)
A method of asking questions on a step-by-step basis to discover the initial cause of a fault
Rapport (18)
Aspect of a relationship characterized by similarity, agreement, or congruity
Empathy (18)
Action of awareness, understanding, and sensitivity of the thoughts, emotions, and experience of another without personally having gone through the same
Assessment (18)
A process of determining the importance, size, or value of something
BIOL3326 Forms
