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Psychology 122

Chapter 9

Question	Answer
Developmental Psychology	The branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan.
Zygote	A single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and the sperm cell.
Chromosome	A long, threadlike structure compased of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)	The double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity.
Gene	A unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unit of heredity.
Genotype	The genetic makeup of an individual organism.
Human Genome	The scientific description of the completeset of DNA in the human organisms, including gene locations.
Allele	One of the different forms of a particular gene.
Phenotype	The observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors.
Sex Chromosomes	Chromosomes, designated as X or Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans.
Prenatal Stage	The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
Germinal Period	The first two week of prenatal development.
Embryonic Period	The second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week.
Teratogens	Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations of defect in embryo of fetus.
Fetal Period	The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth.
Temperament	Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way.
Attachment	The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially between his or her parents.
Comprehension Vocabulary	The words that are understood by an infant or child.
Production Vocabulary	The words that an infant or child understands and can speak.
Sensorimotor Stage	In Piaget’s theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects.
Object Permanence	The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.
Preoperational Stage	In Piaget’s theory, the second stage of cognitive development, which last from about age 2 to 7; characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes.
Symbolic Thought	The ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.
Egocentrism	In Piaget’s theory, the inability to take another person’s point of view.
Irreversibility	In Piaget’s theory, the inability to mentally reserve a sequence of events or long operations.
Centration	In Piaget’s theory, the tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation.
Conservation	In Piaget’s theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.
Concrete Operational Stage	In Piaget’s theory, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to adolescence; characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations.
Formal Operational Stage	In Piaget’s theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principals and hypothetical situations.
Zone of Proximal Development	In Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.
Information-Processing Model of Cognitive Development	The model that views cogitative development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving.
Adolescence	The transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached.
Puberty	The stage of adolescence in which individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.
Primary Sex Characteristics	Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles.
Secondary Sex Characteristics	Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development.
Adolescent Growth Spurt	The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight.
Menarche	A female’s first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty.
Identity	A person’s definition or description or himself or herself, including the values, beliefs, and ideas that guide the individual’s behavior.
Moral Reasoning	The aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions.
Menopause	The natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women.
Activity Theory of Aging	The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity the displayed earlier in life.
Authoritarian Parenting Style	Parenting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive towards their children’s needs or wishes.
Permissive Parenting Style	Parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding; permissive-indulgent parents are more responsive to their children, whereas permissive-indifferent parent are not.
Authoritative Parenting Style	Parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children’s behavior but are also responsive to their children’s needs and wishes.
Induction	A discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why behavior is prohibited.
Mary D. Salter Ainsworth (1913-1999)	American psychologist who devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment; contributed to attachment theory.
Renee Baillargeon (b.1954)	Canadian-born Psychologist whose studies of cognitive development during infancy using visual rather than manual tasks challenged beliefs about the age at which permanence first appears.
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)	German-born American psychoanalyst who proposed an influential theory of psychological development throughout the lifespan.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)	American psychologist who proposed and influential theory of moral development.
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)	Swiss child psychologist whose influential theory proposed that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)	Russian psychologist who stressed the importance of social and cultural influences in cognitive development.

Created by: SaraMcKenzie on 2008-12-05

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Psychology 122

Chapter 9