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Chapter 2 Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is chemistry? | the study of composition of substances and how they change |
| What kinds of chemicals are found in the human body? | salts, water, carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid |
| What is matter? | anything that has weight and takes up space |
| What forms of matter are there? | solids, liquids, and gases |
| What is an atom? | the smallest particle of matter |
| What is an electron? | an atom with a negative charge, no weight, and stays in constant motion around the nucleus |
| What is a proton? | an atom with a positive charge and is found in the nucleus |
| What is a neutron? | an uncharged atom that is found in the nucleus |
| What is an ion? | an atom charged by gaining or losing electrons |
| What is a molecule? | something formed by the union of 2 or more atoms |
| What is mass? | the amount of a substance not the weight |
| What is weight? | how heavy something is |
| What is all matter composed of? | elements |
| What is a compound? | pure and other elements combined together |
| What are bulk elements? | elements the body requires in large amounts and create more than 95% of the body |
| What are trace elements? | elements the body requires in small amounts |
| What is an enzyme? | a protein that regulates rates of chemical reactions |
| What is an ultratrace element? | an element that is toxic to the body in large amounts but required in tiny amounts |
| What is an example of an ultratrace element? | arsenic |
| What is a chemical bond? | attractions between atoms |
| What are the major or bulk elements that make up the human body? | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Sodium, and Magnesium |
| What are the trace elements found in the human body? | Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc |
| What is in the center of an atom? | the nucleus and one or more electrons that constantly move around it |
| What is in the nucleus? | one or more protons and usually neutrons |
| What charge does the nucleus have? | positive |
| What is the atomic number? | the number of protons the element has |
| What is the atomic weight? | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
| What is an isotope? | atoms with the same atomic number (number of protons) but different atomic weights (number of neutrons) but are the same element |
| What determines the reactiveness of atoms? | electrons |
| What is a radioactive isotope? | an unstable isotope |
| What is the energy that radioactive isotopes emit? | atomic radiation |
| What are the three forms of radiation? | alpha, beta, and gamma |
| What do two or more atoms combine to form? | a molecule |
| What is short hand to depict the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule? | molecular formula |
| Electrons in an atom occupy one or more regions of space around the atom called the? | electron shell |
| In an element (atomic number 18 and under) how many electrons can the first shell hold? | 2 |
| In an element (atomic number 18 and under) how many electrons can the second shell hold? | 8 |
| In an element (atomic number 18 and under) how many electrons can the third shell hold? | 8 |
| What determines how atoms react with other atoms? | the number of electrons in the outer shell |
| What are atoms that gain or lose electrons? | ions |
| What is a positive ion called? | cation |
| What is a negative ion called? | anion |
| What is an ionic bond? | a bond made by atoms gaining or losing electrons |
| What is a covalent bond? | a bond mady by atoms sharing electrons |
| What is a polar molecule? | a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally |
| What type of bond is water? | polar covalent |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | the attraction of the positive H to the negative N or O |
| Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong? | weak |
| What is a reactant? | the starting materials changed by a chemical reaction |
| What is a product? | the atoms, ions, or molecules formed by a chemical reaction |
| What is a synthesis? | when a chemical reaction occurs and 2 or more atoms bond (A+B=AB) |
| What is a decomposition? | when a chemical reaction occurs and the reactants break down into simpler forms (AB=A+B) |
| What is an exchange? | when parts of two different molecules trade places in a chemical reaction (AB+CD=AD+CB) |
| What is a reversible reaction? | when the products can change back into the reactants (A+B<>AB) |
| What is a catalyst? | molecules that influence the rates of chemical reactions |
| What is an acid? | substance that releases hydrogen ions |
| What is base? | substance that realeases ions that can combine with hydrogen |
| What is a salt? | substance formed by the reaction of acids and bases |
| What is the pH scale? | used to measure acidity/basicity |
| pH levels are how far apart? | 10ths. (pH 5 is 100 times more acidic than pH 7) |
| What is the normal pH of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| What is alkalosis? | pH of 7.5-7.8 (pt will feel dizzy and agitated) |
| What is acidosis? | pH of 7.0-7.3 (pt will feel fatigue) |
| What is a buffer? | a chemical that resists pH change |
| What two categories are all chemicals broken down into? | organic and inorganic |
| What is an organic chemical? | any chemical containing carbon and hydrogen |
| What is an inorganic chemical? | any chemical not an organic chemical |
| Describe the properties of an organic chemical. | long chains or ring structures due to carbon's ability to form 4 covalent bonds |
| Describe the properties of an inorganic chemical. | dissolvable in water and form ions therefore, they are electrolytes |
| What are the common inorganic chemicals? | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts |
| What are the common organic chemicals? | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
Created by:
wmisaacharris
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