open or unblocked, functioning all the way to the cellular level including pulmonary, blood flow & neuro stimulation
mucous membrane
thin layer connective tissue lining many body cavities air passes thru, has small mucus secretin glands, 100% humidified & sterile, warmed, lubricates & protects
nasal cavity
has 3 bones: superior, middle & inferior conchae or turbinates on lateral walls
gag reflex
retching or striving to vomit, reflex triggered by touching back of soft palate or throat
cough
glottic opening closes tightly to trap air in lungs, abd. & thoracic muscles contract pushing gainst diaphragm & inc. pressure in tracheobronchial tree, vocal cords suddenly open & force air & foreign particles out
epiglottis
leaf shaped, flexible cartilage, hangs over larynx, connected to hyoid bone, prevents food & liquid from entering larynx, important landmark for ET tube
Hyoid bone
only bone in body not attached to rest of skeleton, connected to epiglottis
vallecula
depression or pocket formed by base of the bongue & epiglottis
larynx
triangle shaped, connects pharynx(at epiglottis) 2 trachea(lower border of cricoid cartilage), inferior hyoid bone, anterior esophagus, made of thyroid & cricoid cartilage, vocal cords & arytenoid folds
thyroid cartilage/"Adam's Apple"
main laryngeal cartilage, consists of 2 large shield shaped pieces, form anterior wall & give it's V shape, posterior wall open & is muscle
cricothyroid membrane
situated between top of cricoid & bottom of thyroid cartilage in larynx, site for surgical & advanced airway placement
cricoid cartilage
below thyroid cartilage, attached to 1st ring of tracheal cartilage, only complete ring with posterior bulky part, narrowest part in children
sellick maneuver
putting pressure on cricoid cartilage to occlude esophagus & prevent regurgitation
arytenoid cartilages
2 pyramid shaped, attached to vocal folds & pharyngeal wall, open & close vocal cords, landmark for ET tube
glottis
slitlike opening between vocal cords leading into trachea, in adult narrowest part
false vocal cords/vestibular folds
superior pair, elastic connective tissue covered by mucous membrane, cords come 2gether & stop air from leaving lungs(holding breath)& prevent foreign objects from entering airway
true vocal cords
inferior pair, cordlike, vibrate & produce sound as expired air passes over, lenth & tension determine pitch
vagus nerve
richly lines larynx, stimulation of pharyngeal & laryngeal mucous membranes can cause bradycardia, hypotension & decreased respiratory rate, sends signals to medullla oblongata & pons in brain to control breathing
carina
point at which bronchi seperate
serous membrane/pleura
2 layer epithelial membrane that lines body cavities & covers surfaces of organs, form sac & includes 2 layers
apex
top of lungs
base
bottom of lungs
hilum
slits in ea lung where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels & nerves are firmly anchored in meshwork of dense connective tissue in2 lung, form "root of the lung", only spot where lungs are anchored
visceral pleura
membrane closely covering the lungs
parietal pleura
lines inner surface of chest wall, diaphragm & mediastinum
pleural space
seperates parietal & visceral pleura in lungs, contains just a few drops of pleural fluid to prevent friction as lung tissue expands & contracts
external respiration
involves exchange of gases between circulating blood & air & is carried on by expansion & contraction of lungs
internal respiration
involves exchange of dissolved gases between circulating blood & interstitial fluids in peripheral tissues
cellular respiration
use of O2 by cells in the process of metabolism
atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
diaphragm
largest, wide muscule separating thoracic/chest cavity from abdominal cavity, slants upward anteriorly & dome shaped when relaxed, contracts downward
ventilation
process of moving air in & out of lungs, includes inspiration & expiration
process of breathing
initiated by respiratory center in medulla oblongata & pons in brain, respond to increased levels of CO2 in blood
minute volume
volume of air exchanged in 1 min, about 6000mL - 16,000mL average, necessary to remove CO2 & bring in sufficient supplies of O2
tidal volume
air inhaled & exhaled in single respiration, 500mL - 800mL, 12-20x per min
dead air space
air remaining in trachea & bronchi unavailabe for gas exchange, about 150 mL
physiological dead space
development of additional dead space from diseases such as COPD or atelectasis
total lung capacity
about 6L in average adult male,
vital capacity
amt of air in biggest breath you can take in & out
PO2 or PCO2
abbreviation for partial pressure of O2 or carbon dioxide
FiO2
abbreviation for concentraion of O2 in inspired air
medulla oblongata & pons
in brainstem, control rate & depth of breathing, connected to respiratory muscles by vagus nerve, pons 2ndary control center if medulla fails, also controls expiration
hypoxia
increased respirations, insufficient oxygenation of the cells
hiccup
sudden inspiration caused by spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm & intermittent spastic closure of glottis
sighing
incoluntary slow deep breath followed by prolonged expiration, hyperinflates the lungs & opens atelectatic alveoli, normally about once per min
cheyne-stokes breathing
regular pattern of gradually incerasing rate & tidal volume followed by gradual decrease & then short period of apnea, associated with brainstem insult
kussmaul breathing
deep gasping respirations, common in diabetic coma
biot's respirations
group of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea, seen with increased intracranial pressure
central neurogenic hyperventilation
pattern of deep rapid respirations similar to kussmaul breathing, also indicative of increased intracranial pressure
agonal breathing
pattern of slow shallow irregular respirations, results from brain anoxia
pulsus paradoxus
systolic B/P decreases more than 10mmHg during inspiration, seen in COPD, severe asthma, cardiac tamponade, pericardial effusion, CHF, AMI & tension pneumothorax
hypoxemia
insufficient oxygenation of the blood
anoxia
insufficiant oxygenation of the tissue
pulse deficit
peripheral pulse is @ different rate than the ventricle is contracting, poor peripheral profusion
Science Vocab 147928
