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urinary system
A & P II Chapter 14 The urinary system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afferent glomerular arterioles | Arterioles that carry blood into the renal corpuscles glomerulus |
| Bowman's capsule | Part of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus |
| Collecting ducts | in the kidney that collect fluid from the distal convoluted tubules and carry it to the renal pelvis |
| Distal convoluted tubule | the last tubular part of the nephron before it enters the collecting duct |
| Efferent glomerular arterioles | Arterioles that carry blood away from the glomerulus after it has been filtered in the renal corpuscle |
| Glomerular capillaries | The tuft of capillaries at the center of the renal corpuscle |
| Glomerular capillaries | Urine production begins when plasma is filtered out of the capillaries and into Bowman's capsular |
| Glomerulus | The tuft of capillaries at the center of the renal corpuscle. AKA glomerular capillaries |
| Hilus of the kidney | The indented area on the medial sides of the kidneys where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and leave the kidney |
| Kidney | The organ responsible for removing soluble waste from the blood stream through the process of urine. |
| Nephron | The basic functioning unit of the kidney |
| Peritubular capillaries | Capillaries in the network that surrounds the tubular part of the nephron of the kidney |
| Peritubular capillaries | eventually converge to form the renal vein. |
| Peritubular capillaries | are involved in the processes of tubular secretion and re-absorption |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | The first part of the nephron of the kidney nephron. |
| Renal Artery | The branch of the abdominal aorta that carries blood to the kidney. It enters the kidney at the hilus. |
| Renal capsule | Outer fibrous covering of the kidney |
| Renal corpuscle | The first structure of the nephron. It consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. |
| Renal cortex | The outer portion of the kidney where renal corpuscles and the convoluted tubules of the nephrons are located |
| Renal medulla | The inner portion of the kidney where the loop of Henle makes its U-turn and collecting ducts travel to the renal pelvis |
| Renal pelvis | The collecting point for urine as it leaves the collecting tubules before entering the ureters |
| Renal vein | The vein that carries purified blood away from the kidneys to the caudal vena cava |
| right kidney is | more cranial |
| kidney functions | maintain homeostasis |
| kidneys maintain homeostasis through | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| kidneys maintain homeostasis through | fluid and acid-base balance regulation |
| kidneys maintain homeostasis through | production of hormones |
| renal pelvis | funnel-shaped area inside hilus |
| renal pelvis | forms beginning of the ureter |
| renal pelvis | lined with transitional epithelium |
| thick layer of perirenal fat | usually surrounds the kidneys |
| perirnal fat | protects kidneys from the pressure exerted by surrounding organs |
| renal cortex | outer portion of the kidney |
| renal medulla | inner portion around the renal pelvis |
| calyx | cuplike extension of the renal pelvis into which the medullary pyramids fit |
| calyces act as funnels | to direct fluid into renal pelvis |
| each nephron consists of | a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule |
| renal corpuscle located in | renal cortex |
| renal corpuscle function is | to filter blood in first stage of urine production |
| renal corpuscle is composed of | glomerulus tuft of capillaries |
| renal corpuscle fluid filtered out of blood is called | glomerular filtrate |
| proximal convoluted tubule is the continuation of | capsular space of Bowman's capsule |
| proximal convoluted tubule is lined with | cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border on the lumen side |
| PCT is a continuations of | capsular space of Bowman's capsule |
| PCT is lined with | cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush boarder |
| PCT | twisting path through the cortex |
| Glomerular filtrate in the PCT tubule | is called tubular filtrate |
| Loop of Henle | descends from PCT into medulla, turns, heads upward into cortex |
| Loop of Henle descends from PCT into medulla then | makes a U-turn and heads upward into the cortex |
| descending loop has epithelial cells similar | to those of PCT |
| at the bottom of the loop of Henle the cells are | flat simple squamous epithelial cells and lose their brush boarder |
| Ascending loop wall becomes | thicker |
| Distal convoluted tubule is a continuation of | the ascending Loop of Henle |
| Distal convoluted tubule from all nephrons in the kidney | empty into collecting ducts |
| DCT | carry tubular filtrate through medulla |
| What empties into the renal pelvis | distal convoluted tubule |
| primary site of action of ADH and regulation of potassium an pH (acid-base balance) | occur in the distal convoluted tubule |
| How does the blood supply enter the kidney | through the renal artery at the hilus |
| Afferent glomerular arteriole | carry blood into the glomerular capillaries of renal corpusule |
| Glomerular capillaries filter some of the plasma of the blood and | put it in the capsular space of Bowman's capsule |
| Efferent glomerular arterioles | receive blood from glomerular capillaries |
| Efferent glomerular arteries divide to form the | peritubular capillaries |
| peritubular capillaries surround | the rest of the neuron |
| Oxygen transfer to the cells of the nephron takes place in | the peritubular capillaries |
| tubular reabsorption and secretion takes place | in the peritubular capillaries |
| peritubular capillaries converge to form | venules |
| venules form | larger veins in the peritubular |
| larger veins form | the renal vein |
| the renal vein leaves the kidney at the hilus and joins | the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava |
| glomerular capillaries contain many large | fenestrations in capillary endothelium |
| fenestrations are not large enough to allow | blood cells or large proteins to pass through |
| high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces some | plasma out of the capillaries and into the capsular space of Bowman's capsule |
| glomerular filtration rate is | how fast plasma is filtered through glomerulus |
| Bowman's space around the glomerulus and | inside Bowman's capsule |
| Plasma like fluid is filtered from capillary blood into bloodstream | through glomerular filtration membrane |
| The glomerular filtration membrane consists of | 3 layers |
| The layers of the glomerular filtration membrane are | endothelium, basement membrane, epithelial podocytes |
| the fluid that is filtered through the glomerular filtration membrane is called | filtrate and forms the primary urine |
| the filtrate then diffuses across | Bowman's space |
| from Bowman's space the filtrate goes | to the tubule system of the nephron |
| in the tubules some substances are added to the filtrate | as part of the urine formation and some substances are re-absorbed |
| substances that are re-absorbed out of the filtrate and | back into the blood |
| the nephron tubule is divided into 4 segments; they are | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubes |
| proximal convoluted tubule is where almost | all of the absorption of nutritional substances takes place |
| loop of Henle | re-absorbs water and ions from the urine and plays a role in controlling the concentration of urine |
| distal convoluted tubule | regulates potassium, sodium and pH and where further dilution of the urine take place |
| collecting tubules | joins with several tubules to collect the filtrate and where final sodium regulation takes place |
| each kidney is supplied with blood by a | single renal artery |
| renal artery enters through | the hilus |
| the hilus | branches off into afferent arterioles |
| blood flows into the glomerulus from | the afferent arterioles |
| blood flows out of the glomerulus thru | the efferent arteriols |
| afferent and efferent arterioles | regulate glomerular capillary pressure by selectively dilating or constricting |
| the kidneys venius blood | is the cleanest blood in the body |
| the kidney venius blood now filtered | flows from the glomerulus via the efferent arterioles |
| from the efferent arterioles the blood goes into | the peritubular capillary network |
| a low pressure re-absorptive system surround | all portions of the tubules |
| low pressure system surrounding tubules allow | rapid movement of solutes and water to move between the fluid in the tubule and the blood in the capillaries |
| the peritubular capillaries re-join to form | the venus channels by which blood leaves the kidneys |
| blood leaves the kidneys and empties into | the inferior vena cava |
| sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to carrier protein | and moves it into the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubules epithelial cell |
| glucose and amino acids attach to the carrier protein as the sodium | and follow sodium into the cell by passive transport |
| sodium is actively pumped out of the cell into interstitial fluid and moves | into peritubular capillaries |
| glucose and amino acids move from the PCT cell into the interstitial fluid | by passive difusion |
| sodium ions are reabsorbed in | the ascending loop of Henle and DCT |
| potassium and calcium reabsorption take place in | the PCT, ascending loop of Henle and DCT |
| calcium moves from the filtrate under the influence | of Vit D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| magnesium is reabsorbed from the PCT, ascending loop of Henle | and the collecting duct |
| parathyroid hormone release increases | the reabsorption of magnesium |
| Chloride diffuses from tubular filtrate | into the epithelial cells and interstitial space |
| Cl- diffuses from filtrate to epithelial cells in response | to electrical imbalance created by Na+ removal |
| secretion primarily occurs in the | distal convoluted tubule |
| hydrogen, potassium and ammonia are eliminated | by secretion |
| some medicines are eliminated | from the body by secretion |
| urine volume regulation | is determined by the amount of water contained in the tubular filtrate when it reaches renal pelvis |
Created by:
catsmeow03
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