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Pathology Unit 1
general terms, respiratory
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What do you look for in a CXR? | -bony elements in tact -lungs fully expanded -cardiac contour within normal limits -symmetry |
What are the purpose of lymph nodes? | help fight infection by increasing in size to help produce more WBC (white blood cells). |
Lymph nodes found in the chest are typically malignant or benign? | benign |
What is scar in lung tissue resulting from previous infection & are benign? | granuloma |
What shape are calcified granulomas? | round shaped |
What is the term "deviation departure from the normal"? | anomalies |
What is it called when the heart is on the right side and all other organs are in normal position? | dextrocardia |
What is sinus inversus? | organs of the chest & abdomen are in mirror image reversal or the normal positioning (can be total or partial). |
What does an azygos vein look like radiographically? | an inverted comma |
T/F: cystic fibrosis is a genetic defect from only one parent. | false; it comes from both parents |
What does cystic fibrosis affect? | -the function of exocrine glands -lungs, pancreas, bile ducts |
What disease includes pulmonary damage from hypersecretion of the bronchial glands? | cystic fibrosis |
How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed? | sweat test |
Why is a lung transplant not fully treatable for patients with cystic fibrosis? | because it doesn't just affect the lungs, the exocrine glands are affected also. |
With cystic fibrosis are the lungs over-inflated or under-inflated? | hyperinflated (over inflated) |
what is the medical term for an enlarged heart? | cardiomegaly |
How is the cardiothoracic ratio calculated? | diameter of heart/widest diameter of chest |
Once the cardiothoracic ratio is calculated, how is cardiomegaly determined? | if the heart is >50% = cardiomegaly |
What does CHF stand for? | congestive heart failure |
What is the cause of CHF? | hypertension & heart disease |
What are kerley lines? | thin linear pulmonary opacities caused by any substance denser than air within the lung parenchyma? Also known as infiltrates |
What are kerley lines a sign of? | a pt. in and out of heart failure |
What direction do Kerley A lines run? | more diagonal |
What direction do Kerley B lines run? | more horizontal |
What Kerley lines are more lateral A or B? | B |
What disease is described as an irreversible over-aeration or dilation of air spaces accompanied by destruction of walls of the alveoli? | emphysema |
What does emphysema look like radiographically? | oversized lungs; barrel-shaped chest; lung bases are more flat |
For a patient who has been diagnosed with emphysema, and you are using film do you increase the kVp or decrease it? | decrease because of increase in air in the lungs. |
What is a bulla? | an air-filled, thin-walled space with the lung (destruction of the alveoli) |
What is a bleb? | collection of air within the layers of viscera pleura |
What is a cyst? | closed, sac like structure that contains fluid, gas, or semisolid material |
Out of bleb, bulla and cyst; which ones are associated with pneumothorax? | cyst & bleb |
Out of cyst, bleb and bulla; which ones are associated with emphysema? | bulla |
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | refers to a group of disorders (emphysema and bronchitis) that cause persistent largely irreversible airway obstruction; leads to ineffective exchange of respiratory gases making it difficult to breathe. |
T/F: COPD can be cured. | false; there is no cure. |
What does COPD stand for? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
What does COPD look like radiographically? | *straightening of lung markings *pattern more dense, fibrotic changes *blunting of costophrenic angles (not sharp) *elongated heart |
What is the study of diseases? | pathology |
what is the sequence of events that leads to the development of disease? | pathogensis |
What is the study of disease causes? | etiology |
What is a structural or functional change judges to be abnormal? | disease |
What is the term used when structural changes are caused by external agents? | exogenous |
What is the term used when structural changes are caused by internal agents? | endogenous |
What is the term used when the cause is unknown? | idopathic |
Is cellulitis endogenous, exogenous or idopathic? | exogenous |
Is club foot endogenous, exogenous or idopathic? | idopathic |
Is pneumonia endogenous, exogenous or idopathic? | exogenous |
Are allergies endogenous, exogenous or idopathic? | endogenous or exogenous |
Is an aneurysm endogenous, exogenous or idopathic? | endogenous |
What is term used when a disease is acquired while in the hospital? | HAI-hospital acquired infections |
What is the older term for HAI? | nosocomial |
What is the term to describe adverse responses that occur from medical treatment? | Iatrogenic |
What is the difference between signs and symptoms? | *Signs= changes in the pt. interpreted by the doctor or another healthcare worker *Symptoms= changes in health perceived by the pt. |
Is nausea a sign or symptom? | symptom |
Is vomiting a sign or symptom? | both |
What does asymptomatic mean? | revealing no symptoms |
What is the difference between a test and a procedure? | *test: analysis of specimens (blood, urine, spinal fluid) *procedure:requires additional manipulation of pt. |
What is the term used for a sudden onset of symptoms which may be severe and last only a short time? | acute |
What is the term used for slower onset and persists for a longer time? | chronic |
What does anoxia mean? | no oxygen |
What is the term for reduced oxygen? | hypoxia |
What is deficient blood in the muscle? | ischemia |
What is the term used for an area of dead or necrotic tissue called? | infarct |
What is the term used for a blood clot? | thrombus |
What is any foreign matter that may travel through the blood obstructing blood flow? | embolus |
What is the term used to describe progressive wasting of any part of the body? | atrophy |
What is the term used for the death of cells? | necrosis |
What is the determination of the nature of the disease? | diagnosis |
What diagnosis is based on sign, symptoms, tests and procedures? | medical diagnosis |
What is the diagnosis that sometimes different diseases have the same symptoms? | differential diagnosis |
What is the diagnosis that is based on signs and symptoms? | clinical diagnosis |
What is the predicted outcome of the disease? | prognosis |
What factors is the prognosis dependent on? | *type of disease involved *the stage at which it was discovered *general health of the pt. *state of medical art at the time |
What are the two types of repair? | *regeneration *fibrous connective tissue repair |
What is the difference between regeneration and fibrous connective tissue repair? | regeneration repairs tissue with identical structure and function; FCTR replaces with dense, tough mass of connective tissue that develops a scar, it does not have the same structure or function. |
What is a functional disease? | any disease that presents no lesion (sore). |
What are the 3 categories of functional diseases? | *psychosis *neurosis *psychosomatic |
What are the 6 types of structural diseases? | *congenital/hereditary *inflammatory *degenerative *metabolic *traumatic *neoplastic |
What are diseases that are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors? | congential |
What are diseases caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to child? | hereditary |
Can a disease by congenital but not inherited? | yes, may have been acquired from the environment in the uterus. ex: maternal infection, radiation or drugs |
What diseases result from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent? | inflammatory diseases |
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? | 1)redness to skin 2)pain 3)swelling (edema) 4)heat (fever) 5)loss of function |
What is the result from invasion by a micro-organism? | infection |
What is the result from poisoning of biologic substances? | toxic diseases |
What is an overreaction of the body's own defenses? | allergic diseases |
What is it called when capillaries become engorged and dilated with blood? | congestion |
What promotes leakage of fluids and protein into the tissues and allows for the infiltration of leukocytes? | congestion |
What is it called when leukocytes engulf and digest bacteria and help remove it from the area? | phagocytosis |
Abscess and cellulitis are both examples of what? | inflammatory lesions |
What is a localized collection of pus? | abscess |
What is cellulitis? | spreading, diffuse infection of the subcutaneous tissue |
What is an exudate? | results in the formation of a blister or scab; it involves a cloudy, thick protein rich fluid |
T/F: transudates have a high protein content? | False; they have a low concentration of protein. |
What is a transudate? | serum fluid that passes through a membrane or tissue due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure. |
What usually causes degenerative diseases? | aging |
What can cause degenerative conditions? | *deterioration of the body usually associated with aging *injury *heredity *diet *environmental factors |
What is metabolism? | the sum of all physical & chemical processes in the body |
What regulates your metabolism? | endocrine glands |
What are the major endocrine glands? | *adrenal *pituitary *parathyroid *thyroid *pancreas *ovaries/testes |
How do endocrine glands regulate metabolism? | secrete hormones into bloodstream |
What is a term for a bruise; bleeding into tissue spaces as a result of capillary rupture? | contusion |
T/F: the more rapidly a cell reproduces, the more likely it is to have growth disturbance. | true |
What are the two growth disturbances? | 1- hyperplasia 2- neoplasia |
Which growth disturbance involves increase # cells, is a reaction to an external stimulus, once the stimulus is removed the proliferation regresses? | hyperplasia |
What often occurs with hyperplasia? | hypertrophy |
Which growth disturbance results from a genetic change that produces a single population of proliferative cells? | neoplasia |
What are the two types of neoplasm? | *benign *malignant |
What kind of neoplasm is non-invading and seldom lethal? | benign |
What kind of neoplasm has uncontrollable growth, invades surrounding tissue, and is a reversion to primitive type of cell? | malignant |
What is the term to describe the spread of malignant cancer cells? | metastasis |
What term is used when cancerous cells travel to a distant site? | seeding |
What term is used when cancerous cells spread into surrounding tissue by virtue of the close proximity? | invasive |
What type of tissue lines body spaces, surfaces, and glands? | epithelial |
What type of tissue consists of axons and supporting cells (brain and spinal cord)? | nerve |
What type of tissue consists of long, slender cells that contract and provide movement? | muscle |
What type of tissue binds, supports, and connects tissue cells? | connective |
What type of cancer is of the epithelial tissue? | carcinoma |
What type of cancer is of the connective tissue? | sarcoma |
What type of cancer is of the blood producing tissue? | leukemia |
What type of cancer is of the lymph tissue? | lymphoma |
What is the # of persons dying per year? | mortality rate |
What is the frequency of disability within a population? | morbidity |
What is the # of newly diagnosed cases in a 1-year period? | incidence |
What is the # of individuals with a particular disease at any point in time? | prevalance |
What is endemic? | high prevalence of disease in a specific area ex: St. Louis; San Francisco |
What is the spreading rapidly beyond the locality? | epidemic ex: MO/IL area |
What is pandemic? | disease occurring over a wide geographic area. ex: in the US |
What is the pathology where there is air in the chest cavity; lungs are not fully expanding? | pneumothorax |
What are the causes of pneumothorax? | 1)ruptured blebs- air filled blisters rupture and air moves from sac into pleural cavity 2)trauma-stab wounds 3)spontaneous pneumothorax-no explanation |
What is the collapse of all or part of the lung due to failure of lung expansion? | atalectasis |
T/F: When a pt. has atelectasis you decrease technique. | false; atelectasis is a plus density so you increase technique (decrease in air in the lungs). |
What causes atelectasis? | *foreign body in air passages *pressure from chest tumors *trapped sputum or mucous *other lung disorders |
What is a ballooning of a weakened portions of an arterial wall? | aneurysm |
What is the most frequent cause of an aortic aneurysm? | atherosclerosis |
What does LDL stand for? | low-density lipoprotein |
What is "hardening of the arteries"? | atherosclerosis |
What are the two treatment plans for an aortic aneurysm? | 1) "watchful waiting" 2) stent graft |
What is the treatment for pneumothorax? | chest tubes to remove air; stitch up the wound |
What is the treatment for atelectasis? | remove whatever is causing the blockage |
What does subcutaneous emphysema look like radiographically? | streaks of lucency outlining muscle bundles |
What is subcutaneous emphysema? | air in soft tissue |
What causes subcutaneous emphysema? | *penetrating or blunt injuries *some lung diseases |
What does crepitation mean? | a crackling sound or sensation |
What are the 3 types of pneumonia? | 1) Lobar (bacterial) 2) Lobular (bronchopneumonia) 3) Interstitial (viral) |
What are the 5 cardinal symptoms of lobar (bacterial) pneumonia? | *cough *sputum production *fever *pleuritic chest pain *chills |
Which pneumonia mostly involves the alveoli? | bacterial (lobar) |
Which pneumonia is caused by a virus and no exudate in the alveoli? | interestitial |
Which pneumonia is normally bilateral and is inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles with extension into the alveoli? | bronchopneumonia |
What is acute infection of the lung parenchyma; often impairs gas exchange? | pneumonia |
What disease of the lungs is transmitted by inhalation of infected droplets? | TB (tuberculosis) |
What is the treatment for tuberculosis? | depends on severity; pt receives 2-drug regimen for 2 months or longer |
What does tuberculosis look like radiographically? | patchy |
What makes up the ghon complex? | granuloma + calcified lymph node |
ghon complex is commonly seen with what disease? | emphysema |
What is a localized area of neurotic lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris? | lung abscess |
What is the treatment for lung abscess? | anitbiotic therapy and possible drainage |
Out of cyst, abscess, and pneumatocele: What is a puss filled pocket caused from infection? | abscess |
What is any sac in the body filled with semi-liquid substance; can become active and become an abscess? | cyst |
What is a thin-walled air containing cyst of the lung? | pneumatocele |
Out of a pnuematocele, abscess, and a cyst which one is the worse because it carries infection? | abscess |
What pathology is a solitary pulmonary nodule, benign pulmonary mass and is a "popcorn calcification"? | hamartoma |
What is a collection of excess fluid in pleural cavity such as blood, pus, or serous fluid? | pleural effusion |
Is serous fluid an exudate or transudate? | transudate |
Is pus an exudate or transudate? | exudate |
What are some causes of pleural effusion? | *CHF *plumonary embolism *renal failure *trauma |
What is the pathology that is an infection caused by a yeast-like organism? | histoplasmosis |
Describe the two types of histoplasmosis. | *primary acute: most common typically benign *chronic pulmonary cavitary: most serious and usually mimics TB. |
Radiographically, what does metastatic lung cancer look like? | cotton balls |
What happens to lesions as they heal? | calcify |