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ch 3 and 4 vocab
Term | Definition |
---|---|
culture | the way of life that distinguishes a people, for example, government, language, religion, customs,and beliefs. |
population density | the average number of people living in a given area |
birthrate | the number of live births each year per 1000 people |
immigrant | a person who moves into a country |
emigrant | a person who leaves a country to live elsewhere. |
urbanization | the growth of city populations |
rural | of, or characteristics of, the country side |
culture hearth | a place in which important ideas begin and thereafter spread to surrounding cultures |
cultural convergence | the contact and interaction of one culture with another |
diffusion | the process by which a cultural element is transmitted from one group tor individual to another |
cultural divergance | the restriction of a culture from outside influences. |
sovereignty | a country's freedom and power to decide on policies and actions |
unitary system | a system of government in which one central government holds most of the political power |
federation | a government structure in which some powers are given to the national government and other powers are reserved for more local governments |
confederation | a system of government in which individual political units keep their sovereignty but give limited power to a central government |
authoritarian | descriptive of a system of government in which the leaders hold all political power |
dictatorship | a system of government in which absolute power is held by a small group or one person |
totalitarianism | a system of government in which a central authority controls all aspects of society |
monarchy | a system of authoritarian government headed by a monarch whose position is usually inherited |
democracy | a system of government in which the people are invested with the power to choose their leaders and determine government policy |
traditional economy | an economic system in which families produce goods and services for their own use, with little surplus and exchange of goods also known as a subsistence economy |
market economy | an economic system in which decisions about production, price and other economic factors are determined by the law of supply and demand |
command economy | an economic system that is controlled by a single central government |
natural resource | a material in the natural environment that people value and use to satisfy their needs |
renewable resource | a natural resource that the environment continues to supply or replace as it is used |
nonrenewable resource | a natural resource that cannot be replaced once it is used |
fossil fuel | any one of several nonrenewable mineral resources formed from he remains of ancient plants and animals and used for fuel |
nuclear energy | a type of energy produced by fission the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor, releasing stored energy |
water power | energy produced from falling water to move machinery or generate electricity |
geothermal energy | energy produced from the earths intense interior heat |
solar energy | energy produced by the sun |
primary economic activity | an economic activity that takes or uses natural resources directly, such as fishing or mining |
subsistence farming | farming that provides only enough for the needs of a family |
commercial farming | the raising of crops and livestock for sale in markets |
secondary economic activity | an economic activity in which people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value |
cottage industry | a small scale manufacturing operation using little technology, often located in or near peoples homes |
commercial industry | a large scale manufacturing operation that employs many people and produces large quantities of goods |
tertiary economic activity | an economic activity in which people do not directly gather or process raw materials but pursue activities that serve others; service industry |
Quaternary economic activity | an economic activity that focuses on the acquisition, processing, and sharing of information, such as education or research |
export | an item that is sent out of the country for sale |
import | an item that is brought into a country for sale |