Study cards for Polit Nursing Research chapters 1-7

Question	Answer
Concept	An abstraction based on observation of behaviors or characteristics (stress, pain)
Two methods of research	Quantitative and Qualitative
Variable	An attribute of a person or object that varies
Types (names) of Variables	Continuous, Discrete, Catagorical, Independent, Dependant, Diachotomous
Concept	A VARIABLE, An Abstraction Based On Observation of Behaviors Or Characteristics (Abooboc)
Variable	An attribute of a person or object that varies
Concept has two definitions	Conceptual and Operational definitions
Conceptual Definition	The abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied
Operational Definition	The instrument, The definition of a concept or varibale in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured
Independant Variable	The resumed cause or influencing the Dependant Variable
Dependant Variable	The outcome or effected variable.
Evidenced based practice	Incorporates research findings into their clinical decision
What is at the basis for making clinical decisions	Evidence hierarchy (research)
What are the paradigms	Positive, Determinism and Naturalistic
Positive Paradigm assumes	That there is an ojective realisity and that natural phenomena are regular and orderly
Determinism assumes	Phenomena are the result of PRIOR CAUSES and are not HAPHAZARD
Naturalistic Paradigm	Assumes that reality is not a fixed entitiy bu is rather a construction of human minds and thus "truth" is a composite of multiples constructions of reality
Constructions of Reality	Naturalistic Paradigm
Prior Causes NOT haphazard	Determinism
Regular and Orderly	Positivism
Quantitative Research	Collection of analysis of numeric information. Conducted within the Scientific Method
Scientific Method	A systematic controlled process usually associated with Quantitative Research
Emperical Evidence	Evidence collected by way of the human senses and strive for Generalizability.
Term to describe expressing findings beyond a setting or situation	Generalizability
Paradigm strives to undertanding the HUMAN EXPERIENCE	Naturalistic
Naturalistic Paradigm is associated with	Qualitative Research
Basic Research	Is designed to extend the base of information for the sake of knowledge
Applied Research	Focuses on discovering solutions to IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS
Which research focuses on Indentification	Qualitative
Which research focuses on Prediction and Control	Quantitative
Which research focuses on Description, Exploration and Explanation (DEE)	Both Qualitative and Quantitative
One noted rejection of the Quantiative method	It is reductionist (reduces human experiene to only the few concepts under investigation)
Reality Exists, there is a real world driven by real natural causes	Positive Paradigm
Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals	Naturalistic Paradigm
The inquirer is independant from those being researched	Positive Paradigm
Findings are not influenced by the researcher	Positive Paradigm
The inquirer interacts with those being Researched	Naturalistic Paradigm
Findings are the creation of the interactive process	Naturalistic Paradigm
Values and biasis are to be held in check	Positive Paradigm
Objectivity is sought	Positive Paradigm
Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable	Naturalistic Paradigm
Deductive is part of this paradigm	Positive Paradigm
Inductive is part of this paradigm	Naturalistic Paradigm
Emphasis Discrete specific concepts	Positive Paradigm
Verification of researchers 'Hunches'	Positive Paradigm
Fixed design	Positive Paradigm
Tight controls over context	Positive Paradigm
Emphasis on measured, quantitative information,and statistical analysis	Positive Paradigm
Seeks Generalizability	Positive paradigm
Inductive processes are associated with this paradigm	Naturalistic Paradigm
Emphasis on the entirety of some phenomenon	Naturalistic Paradigm
Holistic	Naturalistic paradigm
Emerging interpretations grounded in participants experience	Naturalistic Paradigm
Flexible Design	Naturalistic Paradigm
Context-bound	Naturalistic Paradigm
Emphasis on narrative information	Naturalistic Paradigm
Qualatiative Analysis is this Paradigm	Naturalistic Paradigm
This paradigm seeks patterns	Naturalistic Paradigm
Quantitative terms for person contributing information to research	Subject, Study participant and Respondent
Qualitative terms for person contributing information to research	Study Participant, informant
Which one is not a qualitative term; Researcher, Investigator, Scientist	Scientist
Quantitative terms for that which is being investigated	Concepts, Constructs and Variables
Qualitative term for that which is being investigated	Phenomena and Concepts (PC)
Quality of Evidence for Quantitative includes	Reliability Validity Generalizability Objectivity (VORG)
Quality of Evidence for Qualitative term includes	Dependability Credibility Transferability Confirmability
The overall location for the research	Site
Setting where research is conducted	Setting
Qualitative and Quantitative Researches BOTH investigate?	Concepts ONLY
Qualitative reasearches investigate	Concepts and Phenomena
Qualitative researchers investiage	Concepts, Constructs and Variable
What are the building block of THEORIES	Concepts
Theories are . . .	Systematic explanation of some aspect of the real world
Concepts in Quantitative research are referred to . . .	Variables
INHERENT Characteristics that research measures or observes	Attribute Variable
Actively creates a variable as when a special intervention is introduced	Active Variable
Height, Weight are examples of this variable	Continuous variables
Infinite Range of numbers	Continuous variable
# of Children is an example of which variable	Discrete Variable
Values between two points	Discrete Variable
Finite Number	Discrete Variable
Gender is an example of this variable	Catagorical Variable
Blood type is an example of this variable	Catagorical Variable
Groups that are highly varied with respect ot some attribute	Heterogeneous
Groubles with limited variablity in respect to some attribute	Homgeneous
Elucidates the abstract oor theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied	Conceptual Definition
Specification of the procedures and tools required to measure variablity	Operational Definition
Bond or connection between two phenomena	Relationship
In Quantitative studies a focus on what occurs with independant and dependant variables. What is this called	Relationship
Cause and Effect relationships	Casual Relationship
Variables are related in a non-casual way	Functional relationship
Refers to the accuracy and consistency of INFORMATION obtained in a study	Reliability
Accuracy and Consistency refer to what quality of evidence	Reliability in a Quantitative Study
Soundness of the studies evidence	Validity
Findings are cogent, convincing and well grounded	Validity
Trustworthiness includes which dimensions	Credibility, Transferability, Confirmability, Dependability
Evidence that is consistent and stable	Dependability
Refers to evidence of the researche's objectivity	Confirmability
Truth of the study is	Credibility
Engenders confidence	Credibility
Truth in Data and researchers interpretations	Credibility
Uses multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes truth	Triangulation
Multiples sources used to draw conclusion	Trianglulation
Produces a distortion in the study results	Bias
When distortions are consistent or uniform across study participants or situations	Systematic Bias
Used to hold constant outside influences on the dependant variable	Research Control
Used in Quantative studes tries to understand the relationship between the ind and dep variables through this method	Research Control
This influence is what researches seek to control	Extraneous variables
What variable must be held constant to minimize its influence	Extraneous variable
What tools are used to eliminate bias	Randomness
In which study type is Randomness used	Quantitative
Features established by chance	Randomness
Assess the extent to which the findings can be applied to other groups and settings	Generalizability
Similar to Generalizability in Quantitative Research (Qualitative term)	Transferability
extent to which findings can be applied to other settings	Transferability
Rich and thorough description of research setting or context	Thick Description
Allows others to make inferences about contextual similarities	Thick Description
Attempts to Validate the findings	Replications
Validates from an independant inquiry	Replication
A crucial for of triangulation (or part of)`	Replication
Which type of research is essential for the DEVELOPMENT of nursing science and evidence-based practice	Replication Research
Actively intervenes or introduces a treatment	Experimental research
Only makes observations of existing situations and characteristics WITHOUT intervening	Nonexperimental research
Seeks to describe and understand key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a Psycho-SOCIAL setting	Grounded Theory
Seeks to describe and Understand key social psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event	Grounded Theory
Major component is discovering a cor variable that is central in EXPLANING what is going on.	Grounded Theory
Strives to Generate comprehensive explanations of phenomena that are grounded in reality	Grounded Theory
Explain the maternal PROCESS of managing the late states of breastfeeding and weaning the child from the breast (Which Theory)	Grounded Theory
Disciplinary roots in philosophy and psychology and is rooted in a philosophical tradition	Phenomenology
Approach to thinking about what life experiences are about	Phenomenology
Study to "illuminate the lived experiences of care providers"	Phenomonolgy Study
Primary research tradition in antrhopology	Ethnography
Researches who typically engage in extensive FIELD WORK	Ethnography
Haitian refugee community is an example of this research tradition	Ethnography
Aim is to learn rather than study (which research tradition)	Ethnography
What is the meaning of the phenomona to those who experience it? Which research tradition asks this?	Phenomenology
ethical issues of daily living affecting nursing home residents with dementia (which research tradition is this)	Ethnography
What are the MAJOR steps in a quantitative study	Conceptual Phase, Design and Planning Phase, Emperical Phase, Analytical Phase, Dissemination Phase, (CDEAD)
A statement of the researchers expectation about relationships between variables under investigation	Hypothesis
Predications of expected outcomes	Hypothesis
State the relationship researchers expect to find as a result of the study	Hypothesis
Under which phase will you ask how concepts might be related	Conceptual Phase
Pregnant women with a higher incidence of stressful events during pregnancy will be more likely than women with a lower incidence of stress to experience preelamptic toxemia. (What is this?)	Hypothesis
How do most quantitative studies test hypothesis?	Statistical Analysis
Links theories to real world	Research Hypothesis
Come from Theory, practice and reading	Research Hypothesis
MUST have independant and dependant variables	Research Hypothesis
Must have testability and population	Research Hypothesis
Redundancy of information	Saturation
What are the hypothesis development types	Simple, Complex, Directional, non-directional, Research and Statistical (null)
Expresses an expected relationship between on independant and one dependant vairable x to y	Simple Hypothesis
Relationship between 2 or more independant variables.	Complex Hypothesis
Also known as multivariate hypothesis	Complex Hypothesis
Specifies an expected RELATIONSHIP between variables	Directional Hypothesis
Predicts 2 or more variables are related but does not specify the direction	Non-directional Hypothesis
Direction OR non-directional	Research Hypothesis
Something IS NOT related	Statistical
What are the 3 areas for development types	Simple or Complex, Directional or non directional, Research or Statistical (null)
Phrased interogatively rather than declaratively	Research question
The 'essence' of the study in declarative form	Statement of Purpose
The words purpose or goal usually appear in this	Statement of Purpose
The Goal of this study was (what is this statement)	Statement of Purpose
Purpose of this study is to (what is this)	Statement of Purpose
Intent, aim, objective are words used in a . . .	Statement of Purpose
Identifies key variables and relationships	Statement of Purpose
Identifies the nature of the problem	Statement of Purpose
Does not use words (prove, demonstrate or show)	Statement of Purpose
Explore, describe, compare, relationship, effect, difference are all found in what	Statement of Purpose
Statement in interrogative form	Research Question
Simple and Direct statement	Research Question
Invites and Answer	Research Question vs (Purpose Statement)
Research Question (Problem statements) in Qualitative studies usually have these items	Ind and Dep variable, Population and Testability
Prediction about the relationship between two or more variables	Hypothesis
Translates a quantitative research question in a precise prediction	hypothesis
Researches do not begin with a hypothesis in this type of Study	Qualitative
THERE WILL BE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF CONCEPT AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR (simple or complex)	Simple, Directional and null (no population)
OLDER PATIENTS ARE MORE AT RISK OF EXPERIENCING A FALL THAN YOUNGER PATIENTS is an example of	Simple, Directional, Research (no null)
There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling	Simple, nondirectional, Research (no null hypothesis)
THE OLDER THE PATIENT THE GREATER THE RISK THAT HE OR SHE WILL FALL	Simple, Directional, Research
OLDER PATIENTS DIFFER FROM YOUNGER ONES WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RISK OF FALLING	Simple, non-directional, Research
A broad abstract characterization of a phenomena	Theory
An abstract generalizaion that systematically explains relationships among phenomena	Theory
A theory that thoroughly describes a phenomena	Descriptive Theory
Attempts to describe large segments of human experience	Grand Theory
A theory that is more specific to a certain phenomena	Middle-range Theory
Concepts are the basic element but not logically ordered or deductive	Conceptual Model
Use mathematic symbols to quantitatively express nature and strength of relationship	Statistical Model
Conceptual underpinning of a study	Framework
In qualitative studies this usually spring from distinct research traditions	Conceptual Definition
Orem's Self Care and Roys Adaptation are what type of model	Conceptual Models
data driven explanation to account for phenomena under study through inductive processes	Grounded Theory
THE LEVEL OF JOB AUTONOMY IS DIFFERENT FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSE-PRACTITIONER THAN FOR MEDICAL-SURGICALNURSE-PRACTITIONERS	Simple, non-directional research
THE IS A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENIAL AND REPORTS OF ANXIETY AMONG POSTMYOCARDIAL INFACTION PATIENTS	COMPLEX, NULL no correlation if it is null so no direction

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