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1. Describe the various types of exceptional learners. The term Exceptional Learners refers to a wide range of learners spanning from students with disabilities to gifted learners. Approximately 50% of school age children that receive special education services are labeled as Learning Disabled. Students with
2. What are the legal aspects of working with disabled children including IDEA, IEP, LRE and inclusion? The legal aspects of working with disabled children including IDEA, IEP, LRE and inclusion are as follows: The law called IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Act) requires states to provide a free, appropriate public education for all students with disab
3. From least to most restrictive environments, what planning, placement, and services are available? From least to most restrictive environments, the planning, placement, and services that are available are as follows: Mainstream – (including children with special needs in a few regular education classes as convenient) Integration – (fitting the child
4. Describe the characteristics of gifted learners (include the four methods used for educating children). 3 part conception of giftedness are: Above-average general ability. High level of creativity. High level of task commitment or motivation to achieve. Four methods used for educating children are: Move the students (accelerate) them through gra
5. Describe the characteristics of gifted learners and include one method of educating children who are gifted learners. The three criteria that characteristic gifted children are as follows: Precocity – Gifted children tend to learn things more quickly than others. Some gifted children may only need to be introduced to the concept only once or twice and they have it mast
6. Explain the 2 options School districts follow for determining a student’s eligibility under the category of learning disabilities. Schools have 2 options for determining a student’s eligibility under the category of Learning Disabilities. Option 1: Step 1: Determination of Underachievement Does the student fail to achieve adequately for his age in one or more of the following eigh
1. What is behaviorism? Behaviorism is a school of thought that focuses on the observable behavior, instead of on mental or cognitive processes.
2. What is the Hawthorne Effect? When you over use a reinforcer and it loses its motivating effect. I.e. teacher gives stickers to students as a reward for working quietly. If reward is given every single day, eventually, the stickers are not very exciting or motivating.
3. Describe Skinner's Schedules of Reinforcement. 2 types: Continuous reinforcement is responding continuously to some behavior. This poses a problem for teachers cuz you can't respond to a child's every move. Intermittent reinforcement is contingent on some schedule or combination of schedules.
4. How are Skinner's Schedules of Reinforcement and behaviorism incorporated in our schools today? Incorporated in our schools today by using secondary reinforcers. Teachers use reinforcers when students perform routines well. Teachers need to be careful not to over use so it ends up having a negative effect over all.
5. What is Thorndike's Law of Effect. Punishment is nowhere near as effective as rewards! Have you heard the saying, "You can get more flies with honey than with vinegar"? Thorndike's law of effect proves this saying true.
6. Describe Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory. learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.
7. Explain 'continuous' and 'intermittent' reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement: responding continuously to some behavior. This obviously poses a problem for teachers, you can't respond to a child's every move. Intermittent reinforcement is contingent on some schedule or combination of schedules.
8. Define each element of Skinner's schedules of reinforcement. See printout.
9. Explain 'positive' and 'negative' reinforcers. positive reinforcer - a reinforcing stimulus that serves to increase the likelihood of the response that produces it. Negative reinforcement is another technique used in operant conditioning used to increase the likelihood that behaviors will occur.
1. How does the brain process information? You pays attention to something in the sensory register, it enters short-term memory (STM). STM can hold 7 items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal or practice. If you rehearses the info. in the (STM), it moves into LTM) where it is stored.
2. What are the methods of rehearsing or elaborating information to enhance retention? In order to avoid information being lost one can rehearse information or elaborate it (to make it more memorable). CHUNKING Mnemonics
3. What is Metacognition? What are some ways to improve children's metacognition? Metacognition refers to the ability to know about how you know. Children can Improve their metacognition by using memory aides (i.e. mnuemonics).
4. List the knowledge factors of ’metacognition’. Metacognitive knowledge involves reflecting your own thoughts which include factual and strategic knowledge. Metacognitive activity occurs during problem-solving when student changes his approach to that activity based upon reflection and adaptation.
5. Define 'chunking' and 'mnemonics' in short-term memory. CHUNKING - If you "hook" lots of information together in one small package you can remember more. Mnemonics are memory aids.
6. Explain 'implicit' and 'explicit' categories in long-term memory. Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicit memory, while information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory.
7. Explain how environment relates to a student's learning and who is responsible for this being a factor. Stimulation and info. enter the system from the environment. The environment provides feedback to learner concerning the adequacy of a response and reinforcement of the response. Teacher is responsible for arranging the environment so learning can occur.
1. What are the six categories of Bloom's Taxonomy? KNOWLEDGE - recall facts COMPREHENSION - level of understanding APPLICATION - info in a new situation ANALYSIS - Breaking info down into small parts SYNTHESIS - Constructing new by putting together several pieces of info EVALUATION:
2. What is the difference between teacher-centered instruction and student-centered instruction? Teacher-Centered Instruction: the teacher has a high level of control over the teaching and learning process. Student-Centered instruction moves the focus of the learning activity away from the teacher and toward the students. Teacher is a facilitator.
3. What are the eight elements of Madeline Hunter's effective instruction? 1. Anticipatory Set 2. Objective and Purpose 3. Input 4. Modeling 5. Checking for Understanding 6. Guided Practice 7. Closure 8. Independent Practice
4. How will you incorporate Bloom's Taxonomy and EEI in your instruction when you teach? At times teachers just do fun things with r students. They do succeed in keeping them ENTERTAINED AND BUSY, but that is not the goal of instruction. I will practice and follow the Bloom’s Taxonomy list and incorporate into my classroom everyday.
5. Read & review information needed to write Instructional objectives. Read & review info needed to write them. They represent the end of instruction. They describes a skill or attitude students are expected to possess after the lesson. All objectives should have 3 elements: Performance, Condition, standard
1. What are the components of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? Basic needs Needs are not met - Dificiency needs. higher-level needs met - GROWTH NEEDS SELF-ACTUALIZATION!
2. Describe the impact of teacher's expectations on student learning. Due to the teacher's high expectations of students, she communicated this expectation to the students, but she also worked harder herself in keeping the students challenged and motivated. Teacher has high expectations = students will work harder.
3. What is the link between student beliefs, motivation, and success in school? The ARCS Model suggests that there are four conditions that must exist for a learner to be motivated. These conditions are: attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction.
4. Summarize the conditions in the ARCS model that impact motivation. The ARCS Model suggests that there are four conditions that must exist for a learner to be motivated. These conditions are: attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction.
5. Describe 'intrinsic motivation' and 'extrinsic motivation' in the context of student motivation. If student is motivated by intrinsic rewards, he will feel satisfied with a job well done. If a student is motivated by extrinsic rewards this student will feel satisfied when he or she receives a good grade and/or praise from parents and teachers.
Created by: steph41
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